Protection in dogs against visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum is achieved by immunization with a heterologous prime-boost regime using DNA and vaccinia recombinant vectors expressing LACK.

Clinical, Parasitologic, and Immunologic Evolution in Dogs Experimentally Infected with Sand Fly-Derived Leishmania chagasi Promastigotes

“…13,24,26,27 In fact, most infection protocols in vaccination or treatment studies appear to be designed to overcome the natural resistance of many dogs and produce full-blown disease in a short time span by delivering a massive dose of parasites by the unnatural route of IV injection. 6,[14][15][16][17] Previous studies showed that experimental IV infection was more likely to lead to overt disease than intradermal inoculation, which typically led to subclinical infection. 11,12,28 Our finding of small liver granulomas, an indication of an active cell mediated immune response, in the intradermally infected dogs is consistent with what was observed in resistant dogs naturally infected in endemic areas.…”

“…6,7,9 Studies have used numbers of parasites that ranged from a few thousand to several million, delivered by the intradermal [10][11][12][13] or intravenous routes. 6,[14][15][16][17] Some of these inoculations included an extract of Lutzomyia longipalpis salivary glands in an unsuccessful attempt to increase parasite pathogenicity. 10,11 Notably, only on a few occasions were metacyclic promastigotes included in the inocula.…”

Antigenic extracts of Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania amazonensis associated with saponin partially protects BALB/c mice against Leishmania chagasi infection by suppressing IL-10 and IL-4 production

“…Unexpectedly, some studies in animal models have proven that protection in VL is associated with the production of both type 1 and type 2 cytokines (Ghosh et al 2001, Ramiro et al 2003, Vilela et al 2007.…”

The utility of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) and other non-human primate models for preclinical testing of Leishmania candidate vaccines

“…Of note, long-term immunity elicited by those vaccines corresponded to, in addition to the presence of leishmania-specific Th1, CD8 + T-cells responses (Gurunathan et al 2000, Rhee et al 2002, Sharma et al 2006. Additionally, heterologous prime-boost vaccination regimes, such as combining DNA priming with a live vectored boost (Gonzalo et al 2002, Ramiro et al 2003, or two different live vectors to prime and boost a response (Dondji et al 2005, Ramos et al 2008 have been explored as a means of raising protective T-cell responses (Hu 2005).…”