Protection of Brain Injury by Amniotic Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Secreted Metabolites

Abstract

Human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cell-secreted factors protect the brain after acute injury. Importantly, a fraction rich in metabolites, and containing neither proteic nor ribonucleic molecules was protective. This study indicates the profiling of protective factors that could be useful in cell-free therapeutic approaches for acute brain injury.

Stem cell characteristics and the therapeutic potential of amniotic epithelial cells

“…These preclinical studies successfully demonstrated the significant therapeutic properties of hAEC as a candidate stem cell for regenerative medicine. Promising data from in vitro studies that have demonstrated the immunomodulatory properties of hAECs and have prompted a number of preclinical studies using models for lung fibrosis, liver fibrosis, wound healing, arthritis, colitis, multiple sclerosis, graft‐vs‐host disease and brain injury . Decellularized amniotic membrane has also been utilized clinically in the field of ophthalmology as a scaffold for corneal restoration.…”

Characterization of Endocannabinoid System and Interleukin Profiles in Ovine AEC: Cannabinoid Receptors Type-1 and Type-2 as Key Effectors of Pro-Inflammatory Response

“…In this context, even if CB1 did not appear to have any physiological role in controlling interleukin expression and release, the exacerbation of constitutive AEC immunosuppressive activities induced by its pharmacological inhibition opens new biotechnological solutions to potentiate cell-and cell-free-based AEC protocols that have been successfully proposed for the treatment of inflammatory disorders [7,73] such as liver, lung, and tendon fibrosis [31,[74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84]; experimental autoimmune encephalo-myelitis [85]; traumatic brain injury [86,87]; and cardiac ischemia [88][89][90].…”

Conditioned medium from amniotic cells protects striatal degeneration and ameliorates motor deficits in the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease

“…53,55,56 The reduction of iNOS expression and microglia activation could be explained by the presence of anti-inflammatory molecules, 22 including IL-10 and TGF-β 30 in CM-hAMSC. In addition, amnion has been shown to express neurotrophic factors such as BDNF, NGF, and NT-3, 24 and CM-hAMSC contains lysine, taurine, alpha-aminoadipic-acid, and spermidine, 23 HGF, PGE2, angiogenin and leptin, 22 all of which have been reported to possess neuroprotective effects. [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells have become increasingly important for the development of cell-based therapeutics for the treatment of HD.…”

“…The medium used as a control (CTRL) was NB/B27 cultured for 5 days. The supernatants were collected, centrifuged, filtered and stored at −80°C until use …”

“…22 Of particular interest is a recent finding that hAMSC and conditioned medium from hAMSC (CM-hAMSC) induced comparable protection in in vitro and in vivo models of traumatic brain injury. 23 More specifically, they enhanced neuronal rescue, decreased pro-inflammatory M1 and promoted M2 microglia polarization, and induced neurotrophins involved in neuronal and vascular remodelling (BDNF and vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF). In addition to BDNF, other neurotrophins such as nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) have been reported to be expressed by amnion.…”