Protection of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside against acrylamide- and glycidamide-induced reproductive toxicity in leydig cells

The Effects of Vitamin C on Glycidamide-Induced Cellular Damage and Apoptosis in Mouse Leydig Cells

“…In the present study conducted with Leydig cells, glycidamide caused hydrogen peroxide formation at concentrations of 10 μM and above, and hydroxyl radical formation at concentrations of 100 μM and above. These findings are in parallel with studies suggesting that glycidamide triggers ROS formation in vivo and in vitro and demonstrate that glycidamide readily triggers oxidative stress in cells (Wang et al 2015, Sun et al 2018. The administration of Vitamin C in the present study reduced significantly, in a concentration-dependent manner, the formation of reactive oxygen species, indicating that Vitamin C may assume a protective role against glycidamide-induced oxidative stress.…”

“…Leydig cells can overcome the free radicals formed during normal energy metabolism by utilizing their antioxidant defense system (Sun et al 2018), although an excess of reactive oxygen species that form in cells due to the presence of toxic substances can alter the oxidant-antioxidant balance, and the resulting reactive oxygen species may cause significant damage to nucleic acids, cell membranes and proteins (Zhang et al 2010). Studies showed that acrylamide and glycidamide can cause toxicity, resulting in the formation, at a mitochondrial level, of excess ROS that are known to damage cellular components (Wang et al 2015, Li et al 2017, Sun et al 2018. In the present study conducted with Leydig cells, glycidamide caused hydrogen peroxide formation at concentrations of 10 μM and above, and hydroxyl radical formation at concentrations of 100 μM and above.…”

“…In terms of its chemical activity, glycidamide is a more reactive (70%) compound than acrylamide, showing a high level of interaction with hemoglobin, and particularly with DNA molecule (Paulsson et al 2002, Martins et al 2006. Previous studies reported that glycidamide plays a leading role in the development of the effects of acrylamide on the reproductive system (Li et al 2017, Yilmaz et al 2017, Sun et al 2018. Studies performed on males of various animal models suggested that acrylamide exposure caused an atrophy of the seminiferous tubules in the testes, multiple nuclei formation, vacuolization, apoptosis of cell, aberration of sperm chromosomes, decreased sperm viability and abnormal giant cell formation, as well as impairment in spermatogenesis (Wang et al 2010, Hamdy et al 2012, Sen et al 2015, Wang et al 2015.…”

Therapeutic effect of curcumin on acrylamide‐induced apoptosis mediated by MAPK signaling pathway in Leydig cells

“…Previous reports indicated that AA triggered apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway . AA increased apoptosis in the testes, induced early apoptosis in R2C Leydig cells and changed the expression levels of apoptotic genes in TM3 Leydig cells . Current results also showed that AA caused apoptotic and necrotic cell death (Table ) and CUR showed a protective effect against AA‐induced apoptosis in TM3 cells.…”

“…Oxidative stress could induce activation of cellular signaling cascades which lead to the disturbance of many cellular processes like apoptosis. Previous reports indicated that AA exposure resulted in oxidative stress and apoptosis in several systems and cells . Mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are serine‐threonine protein kinases that play an important regulatory role in cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and inflammation .…”