Protection of Penaeus monodon against white spot syndrome virus by inactivated vaccine with herbal immunostimulants

Influence of Agathi grandiflora active principles inhibit viral multiplication and stimulate immune system in Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus against white spot syndrome virus infection

“…Our earlier studies [12,35] pointed out that higher protein level was found in the haemolymph of WSSV infected or challenged Means with the same superscripts (aee) do not differ from each other (*P < 0.01; **P < 0.001). One way ANOVA.…”

“…The herbal compounds may be able to suppress the WSSV multiplication and improve the immune system, reflect the lower protein levels in the experimental diet fed shrimp groups. The lower level of protein and carbohydrate was observed in the haemolymph of herbal antiviral/immunostimulant diet fed shrimps after WSSV challenge [12,35]. Generally, the glucose level increases in infected or stressed animals and the possibility of high levels of glucose and total carbohydrate in haemolymph might be due to the transport of glucose and carbohydrate from hepatopancreas and muscle to haemolymph [41].…”

“…Two steps WSSV diagnostic PCR is a very good tool for diagnose the WSSV infection in the cultivable shrimp species. The WSSV infection was confirmed by using WSSV two steps PCR in Penaeus monodon fed with antiviral/immunostimulant herbal active principles [12,35]. Rajarajeswari et al [24] studied the immunostimulant activity of the herbals including Acalypha indica, Hygrophila spinosa, Picrorhiza kurooa, Tinospora cordifolia and Zingiber officinale in F. indicus against V. harveyi.…”

“…The 80% survival was increased by the A. grandiflora extract active fractions due to the antiviral/immunostimulant compounds in the diets. T. cordifolia, P. kurooa and Eclipta alba incorporated diets were well influenced by better survival, reduction in the viral load [12] The methanolic extracts of herbals such as A. indica, C. dactylon, Picrorrhiza kurrooa, Withania somnifera and Zingiber officinalis enriched formulated diets were reduced the cumulative mortality of maximum 30% in P. monodon against WSSV challenge [35].…”

“…The herbal diet (D-4) helps to increase the proPO from the control group at a higher level. The herbal immunostimulants including A. indica, C. dactylon, P. kurrooa, W. somnifera and Z. officinalis enriched diets induced the secretion of Prophenol Oxidase (PO) enzymes in P. monodon against WSSV [35]. Herbal compounds have the ability to inhibit the generation of oxygen anions and to scavenge free radicals.…”