“…This is because the timing, size and composition of any release would not be predictable, and in order to be effective, the off-site protective actions, in most cases, must be taken before, or shortly after, the release occurs (AESJ 2015;IAEA et al 2011;NRC 2012). As expected, (McKenna 2000, McKenna et al 2007, the timing, magnitude, composition, effective height and duration of the severe releases could not be predicted, with estimates of the source term continuing to be revised as more data became available (TEPCO 2012b). Consequently, dose projection models cannot be used effectively for making decisions concerning protective actions that need to be taken following severe damage to the fuel in the reactor core.…”