Protective Activity of Aspirin Eugenol Ester on Paraquat‐Induced Cell Damage in SH‐SY5Y Cells

Abstract

Aspirin eugenol ester (AEE) is a new pharmaceutical compound esterified by aspirin and eugenol, which has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and other pharmacological activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of AEE on paraquat- (PQ-) induced cell damage of SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells and its potential molecular mechanism. There was no significant change in cell viability when AEE was used alone. PQ treatment reduced cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. However, AEE reduced the PQ-induced loss of cell viability. Flow cytometry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), and 4 ′ 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining were used to evaluate cell apoptosis. Compared with the PQ group, AEE pretreatment could significantly inhibit PQ-induced cell damage. AEE pretreatment could reduce the cell damage of SH-SY5Y cells induced by PQ via reducing superoxide anion, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) and increasing the levels of mitochondrial membrane potential ( Δ Ψ m ). At the same time, AEE could increase the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and decrease the activity of malondialdehyde (MDA). The results showed that compared with the control group, the expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt, and Bcl-2 was significantly decreased, while the expression of caspase-3 and Bax was significantly increased in the PQ group. In the AEE group, AEE pretreatment could upregulate the expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt, and Bcl-2 and downregulate the expression of caspase-3 and Bax in SH-SY5Y cells. PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and the silencing of PI3K by shRNA could weaken the protective effect of AEE on PQ-induced SH-SY5Y cells. Therefore, AEE has a protective effect on PQ-induced SH-SY5Y cells by regulating the PI3K/Akt signal pathway to inhibit oxidative stress.

Neuroprotective Effect of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Loaded with Lepidium sativum (L.) Seed Bioactive Components Enhance Bioavailability and Wnt/β-Catenin/Camk-II Signaling Cascade in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells

“…In addition, the JC-1 assay confirmed the increased mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) in LS-SLNP-pretreated SH-SY5Y cells exposed to oxidative stress and A β ,1-42 amyloid fibrils compared to LS-alone treatment. In this context, Zhang et al [ 37 ] confirmed the protective efficacy of aspirin eugenol ester against paraquat-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. Zhang et al [ 32 ] have confirmed that 3-Isoquinoline and its derivatives protect neuronal cells from beta-amyloid-induced apoptosis.…”

Protective Effect and Mechanism of Aspirin Eugenol Ester on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intestinal Barrier Injury

“…Oxidative stress is an imbalance of oxidative and antioxidant systems that leads to oxidative damage in the body [23]. Previous studies have shown that AEE can improve oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and immune-inflammatory responses [15,19,24,25]. Several studies have demonstrated that Caco-2 cells are suitable for studies related to intestinal inflammation [8,26].…”