Protective and Healing Effects of Ghrelin and Risk of Cancer in the Digestive System

Ginter, Grzegorz; Ceranowicz, Piotr; Warzecha, Zygmunt

doi:10.3390/ijms221910571

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 267 publications

(425 reference statements)

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“…It is synthesized from gastric mucosa and secreted into the blood. There are two main forms: acylated ghrelin and deacylated ghrelin [ 53 , 54 ]. The increasing evidence indicates that ghrelin plays an important role in NAFLD [ 55 , 56 ].…”

Section: The Role Of Autophagy and Pyroptosis In Liver Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Autophagy and Pyroptosis in Liver Disorders

Zhao

Liu

Yang

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Pyroptosis is a programmed cell death caused by inflammasomes, which can detect cell cytosolic contamination or disturbance. In pyroptosis, caspase-1 or caspase-11/4/5 is activated, cleaving gasdermin D to separate its N-terminal pore-forming domain (PFD). The oligomerization of PFD forms macropores in the membrane, resulting in swelling and membrane rupture. According to the different mechanisms, pyroptosis can be divided into three types: canonical pathway-mediated pyroptosis, non-canonical pathway-mediated pyroptosis, and caspase-3-induced pyroptosis. Pyroptosis has been reported to play an important role in many tissues and organs, including the liver. Autophagy is a highly conserved process of the eukaryotic cell cycle. It plays an important role in cell survival and maintenance by degrading organelles, proteins and macromolecules in the cytoplasm. Therefore, the dysfunction of this process is involved in a variety of pathological processes. In recent years, autophagy and pyroptosis and their interactions have been proven to play an important role in various physiological and pathological processes, and have gradually attracted more and more attention to become a research hotspot. Therefore, this review summarized the role of autophagy and pyroptosis in liver disorders, and analyzed the related mechanism to provide a basis for future research.

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Section: The Role Of Autophagy and Pyroptosis In Liver Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Autophagy and Pyroptosis in Liver Disorders

Zhao

Liu

Yang

et al. 2022

IJMS

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show abstract

“…For anti-oxidant defense in the GI tract, a gastric hormone, ghrelin, mainly produced in gastric mucosa, reduces the inflammation processes by inhibiting inflammatory cytokine expression and attenuating oxidative stress [ 24 ]. In addition, ghrelin exhibits physiological effects, such as the stimulation of growth hormone secretion, gastric secretion, GI motility, and food intake [ 25 ]. Due to its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, ghrelin shows protective and healing effects in the stomach and other organs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Astaxanthin on Gastrointestinal Diseases

Lee

Kim

2022

IJMS

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A moderate amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is produced under normal conditions, where they play an important role in cell signaling and are involved in many aspects of the immune response to pathogens. On the other hand, the excessive production of ROS destructs macromolecules, cell membranes, and DNA, and activates pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, which may lead to various pathologic conditions. Gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa is constantly exposed to ROS due to the presence of bacteria and other infectious pathogens in food, as well as alcohol consumption, smoking, and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). Prolonged excessive oxidative stress and inflammation are two major risk factors for GI disorders such as ulcers and cancers. Bioactive food compounds with potent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity have been tested in experimental GI disease models to evaluate their therapeutic potential. Astaxanthin (AST) is a fat-soluble xanthophyll carotenoid that is naturally present in algae, yeast, salmon, shrimp, and krill. It has been shown that AST exhibits protective effects against GI diseases via multiple mechanisms. Residing at the surface and inside of cell membranes, AST directly neutralizes ROS and lipid peroxyl radicals, enhances the activity of anti-oxidant enzymes, and suppresses pro-inflammatory transcription factors and cytokines. In addition, AST has been shown to inhibit cancer cell growth and metastasis via modulating cell proliferation-related pathways, apoptosis, and autophagy. Considering the potential benefits of AST in GI diseases, this review paper aims to summarize recent advances in AST research, focusing on its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects against gastric and intestinal ulcers and cancers.

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“…Previous researchers mentioned that Ghrelin is now known to show a role not only in growth-hormone release but also in motivating gastric motility and food intake. Exogenous Ghrelin protects and exerts beneficial anti-inflammatory effects in colonic mucosa resulting in better intestinal mucosal healing and could be applied to ameliorate the outcomes in colorectal surgery (6). Bianchi et al postulated that the administration of it in post-operative laparotomy reduces the peritoneal adhesions and fibrotic response so it has an anti-adhesion effect (7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The protective role of exogenous Ghrelin versus its combination with Zingerone on experimentally induced gastric ischemic-reperfusion in adult male albino rats

Reda¹,

Abdel-Aziz²,

Samy³

et al. 2022

Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand)

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Ghrelin is a gut hormone has stimulatory properties on food intake, fat deposition and growth hormone release. Zingerone is a component of ginger with multiple pharmacological activities. They were established that have protective roles against oxidative stress actions. We planned this study to evaluate pretreatment exogenous Ghrelin alone and or accompanied with Zingerone on ischemia-reperfusion injury to gastric fundus wall. Fifty male albino rats were used and subdivided into control, ischemicreperfusion, Ghrelin pretreated and Ghrelin Zingerone pretreated groups. Specimens from the stomach fundus were processed for histological, immunohistochemical study and gene expression using real time PCR. Morphometric and statistical analyses were also carried out in this research. In ischemicreperfusion sections, there were deep erosion and distortion of the mucosa. Chief cells appeared with vacuolated cytoplasm and pyknotic nuclei. Congestion of blood vessels with extravasation and cellular infiltration was also noticed. There was a decrease in mucous secreted cells in PAS-stained sections. Sections from Ghrelin pretreated and Ghrelin Zingerone pretreated groups showed a great improvement. In addition, gastric tissues with the ischemia-reperfusion group showed a significant decrease in enos and nrf2 mRNA expression while there was a significant increase in HIF and VEGF, which is counteracted to Ghrelin pretreated and Ghrelin Zingerone pretreated groups. This study revealed the vital protective role of Ghrelin in concomitant with Zingerone than pretreated Ghrelin alone on attenuating the damage changes of fundus that occurred after experimentally induced gastric ischemiareperfusion.

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Protective and Healing Effects of Ghrelin and Risk of Cancer in the Digestive System

Cited by 16 publications

References 267 publications

The Role of Autophagy and Pyroptosis in Liver Disorders

The Role of Autophagy and Pyroptosis in Liver Disorders

Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Astaxanthin on Gastrointestinal Diseases

The protective role of exogenous Ghrelin versus its combination with Zingerone on experimentally induced gastric ischemic-reperfusion in adult male albino rats

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