Protective and risk factors in amateur equestrians and description of injury patterns: A retrospective data analysis and a case - control survey

Abstract

BackgroundIn Switzerland there are about 150,000 equestrians. Horse related injuries, including head and spinal injuries, are frequently treated at our level I trauma centre.ObjectivesTo analyse injury patterns, protective factors, and risk factors related to horse riding, and to define groups of safer riders and those at greater riskMethodsWe present a retrospective and a case-control survey at conducted a tertiary trauma centre in Bern, Switzerland.Injured equestrians from July 2000 - June 2006 were retrospectively classified by injury pattern and neurological symptoms. Injured equestrians from July-December 2008 were prospectively collected using a questionnaire with 17 variables. The same questionnaire was applied in non-injured controls. Multiple logistic regression was performed, and combined risk factors were calculated using inference trees.ResultsRetrospective surveyA total of 528 injuries occured in 365 patients. The injury pattern revealed as follows: extremities (32%: upper 17%, lower 15%), head (24%), spine (14%), thorax (9%), face (9%), pelvis (7%) and abdomen (2%). Two injuries were fatal. One case resulted in quadriplegia, one in paraplegia.Case-control survey61 patients and 102 controls (patients: 72% female, 28% male; controls: 63% female, 37% male) were included. Falls were most frequent (65%), followed by horse kicks (19%) and horse bites (2%). Variables statistically significant for the controls were: Older age (p = 0.015), male gender (p = 0.04) and holding a diploma in horse riding (p = 0.004). Inference trees revealed typical groups less and more likely to suffer injury.ConclusionsExperience with riding and having passed a diploma in horse riding seem to be protective factors. Educational levels and injury risk should be graded within an educational level-injury risk index.

Mapping equestrian injuries and injury incidence in Sweden using insurance registry data

“…Similarly, a study by Smartt and Chalmers found that the oldest age‐groups displayed a high injury incidence, indicating that while most injured riders are younger, older riders also have a high risk of injury. The increased risk of injury seen in the higher age‐group is likely related to increased fragility with increased age and is consistent with previous findings that increased age is associated with higher likelihood of injury, serious injury, and fatality …”

“…It does appear, however, that competition riders were less frequently involved in injurious horse‐related incidents, and this could be connected to an increased level of riding proficiency or experience in horse handling. This reflects previous investigations which have found increased involvement in horse‐related injury events and injurious falls for less‐experienced riders.…”

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“…Hasler reported that the most common injuries are head injuries with a percentage of 24%, followed by those of the upper extremities (17%) and the lower extremities (15%). [3] According to Silver, in contrast to other sporting accidents, there are more lumbar and thoracic injuries than cervical injuries, and more women are injured than men. Of all horse riding activities, jumping is the one most likely to cause a spinal injury.…”

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