Protective effect and mechanism of ginsenoside Rg2 on atherosclerosis

Xue, Qianqian; Yu, Tao; Wang, Zhibin; Fu, Xiuxiu; Li, Xiaoxin; Zou, Lu; Li, Min; Cho, Jae Youl; Yang, Yanyan

doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2022.08.001

Cited by 21 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Furthermore, the saponin compounds found in the aqueous extract of Tribulus terrestris exhibit anti-inflammatory properties by downregulating the mRNA expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin (SELE) in LPS-induced HUVECs and human brain microvascular ECs (Fereydouni et al, 2020). In LPS-induced HUVECs, ginsenoside Rg2, has exhibited the ability to attenuate inflammation by inhibiting the NF-κB and ERK1/2 signaling pathways, resulting in a significant reduction in the expression of pro-inflammatory factors (Xue et al, 2023). Furthermore, ginsenoside Rb1 has been demonstrated to reduce the expression of various inflammatory markers by inhibiting the JNK and p38 pathways.…”

Section: Notably Co-administration Of a Pparγ Inhibitor And Notoginse...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ginsenoside CK has been shown to inhibit VSMCs proliferation and migration stimulated by platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF‐BB) through the suppression of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 expression, thereby reducing neointimal hyperplasia after arterial injury (Park et al, 2013). Similarly, ginsenoside Rg2 can increase the expression of α‐SMA and calponin proteins, inhibiting the proliferation, migration, and phenotypic transformation of PDGF‐BB‐induced VSMCs (Xue et al, 2023). In addition, an MTT viability assay showed that the extract of Ophiopogon japonicus , which is rich in saponins, inhibited ox‐LDL‐induced VSMCs proliferation (Tian et al, 2019).…”

Section: Mechanism Of Saponins In the Treatment Of Atherosclerosismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Saponins as therapeutic candidates for atherosclerosis

Lv,

Wang,

Zeng

et al. 2024

Phytotherapy Research

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Drug development for atherosclerosis, the underlying pathological state of ischemic cardiovascular diseases, has posed a longstanding challenge. Saponins, classified as steroid or triterpenoid glycosides, have shown promising therapeutic potential in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Through an exhaustive examination of scientific literature spanning from May 2013 to May 2023, we identified 82 references evaluating 37 types of saponins in terms of their prospective impacts on atherosclerosis. These studies suggest that saponins have the potential to ameliorate atherosclerosis by regulating lipid metabolism, inhibiting inflammation, suppressing apoptosis, reducing oxidative stress, and modulating smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, as well as regulating gut microbiota, autophagy, endothelial senescence, and angiogenesis. Notably, ginsenosides exhibit significant potential and manifest essential pharmacological attributes, including lipid‐lowering, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐apoptotic, and anti‐oxidative stress effects. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the pharmacological attributes of saponins in atherosclerosis, with particular emphasis on their role in the regulation of lipid metabolism regulation and anti‐inflammatory effects. Thus, saponins may warrant further investigation as a potential therapy for atherosclerosis. However, due to various reasons such as low oral bioavailability, the clinical application of saponins in the treatment of atherosclerosis still needs further exploration.

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Section: Notably Co-administration Of a Pparγ Inhibitor And Notoginse...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanism Of Saponins In the Treatment Of Atherosclerosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Saponins as therapeutic candidates for atherosclerosis

Lv,

Wang,

Zeng

et al. 2024

Phytotherapy Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For example, ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3 regulated blood cholesterol homeostasis, modulated macrophage inflammation and relieved endothelial dysfunction (Geng et al, 2020;Guo, Xiao, et al, 2018;Wang et al, 2022;Zhang et al, 2018), while ginsenoside Rd suppressed macrophage-mediated cholesterol uptake and CK accelerated reverse cholesterol transport (Li et al, 2011;Zhou et al, 2016). Additionally, PPT-type ginsenosides Rg2 and F1 could alleviate oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or lipopolysaccharideinduced endothelial injury (Qin et al, 2017;Xue et al, 2023). However, PPT-type ginsenosides have poor oral bioavailability (Balusamy et al, 2023;Luo et al, 2020), implying that these compounds are unlikely to reach effective concentrations in the circulatory system to exert direct pharmacological effects.…”

Section: What Is the Clinical Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Ginsenosides retard atherogenesis via remodelling host–microbiome metabolic homeostasis

Wang,

Wu,

Hong

et al. 2024

British J Pharmacology

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Background and PurposePanax ginseng is widely applied in the adjuvant treatment of cardiometabolic diseases in clinical practice without clear mechanisms. This study aims to clearly define the efficacy and underlying mechanism of P. ginseng and its active components in protecting against atherosclerosis.Experimental ApproachThe anti‐atherogenic efficacy of total ginseng saponin extract (TGS) and its components was evaluated on Ldlr−/− mice. Gut microbial structure was analysed by 16S rRNA sequencing and PCR. Bile acid profiles were revealed using targeted metabolomics with LC–MS/MS analysis. The contribution of gut microbiota to atherosclerosis was assessed by co‐housing experiments.Key ResultsGinsenoside Rb1, representing protopanaxadiol (PPD)‐type saponins, increased intestinal Lactobacillus abundance, resulting in enhanced bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity to promote intestinal conjugated bile acid hydrolysis and excretion, followed by suppression of enterohepatic farnesoid X receptor (FXR)–fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) signal, and thereby increased cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase (CYP7A1) transcriptional expression and facilitated metabolic elimination of cholesterol. Synergistically, protopanaxatriol (PPT)‐type saponins, represented by ginsenoside Rg1, protected against atherogenesis‐triggered gut leak and metabolic endotoxaemia. Ginsenoside Rg1 directly induced mucin production to nutritionally maintain Akkermansia muciniphila, which reciprocally inhibited gut permeation. Rb1/Rg1 combination, rather than a single compound, can largely mimic the holistic efficacy of TGS in protecting Ldlr−/− mice from atherogenesis.Conclusion and ImplicationsOur study provides strong evidence supporting TGS and ginsenoside Rb1/Rg1 combinations as effective therapies against atherogenesis, via targeting different signal nodes by different components and may provide some elucidation of the holistic mode of herbal medicines.

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“… 3 In China, CVDs account for 300 deaths per 100 000 individuals, while nearly a quarter of the world suffers from coronary artery diseases. 4 , 5 , 6 Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the common pathological basis of many cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, being closely related to diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, obesity, high-fat diet, and exercise deficit. 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 Clinical applications of statins and drug-eluting stents have significantly decreased atherosclerotic heart disease incidence and mortality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CircTMEM165 facilitates endothelial repair by modulating mitochondrial fission via miR-192/SCP2 in vitro and in vivo

Liu,

Yang,

et al. 2024

iScience

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Protective effect and mechanism of ginsenoside Rg2 on atherosclerosis

Cited by 21 publications

References 56 publications

Saponins as therapeutic candidates for atherosclerosis

Saponins as therapeutic candidates for atherosclerosis

Ginsenosides retard atherogenesis via remodelling host–microbiome metabolic homeostasis

CircTMEM165 facilitates endothelial repair by modulating mitochondrial fission via miR-192/SCP2 in vitro and in vivo

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