Protective effect and mechanism of Polygonatum kingianum against hypoxia-induced injury

'Nine Steaming Nine Sun‐drying' processing enhanced properties of Polygonatum kingianum against inflammation, oxidative stress and hyperglycemia

“…1,5 PK has been consumed as a decoction from boiling water for thousands of years in Asia. Recent studies highlighted protective effects of PK against hypoxia-induced injury in diabetes mellitus patients 16 and COVID-19. 17 Oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and hyperglycemia are widely considered to cause various metabolic diseases.…”

Modulatory effects of fermentedPolygonatum cyrtonemaHua on immune homeostasis and gut integrity in a dextran-sulfate-sodium-induced colitis model

“…It was recently determined that gracillin, a saponin derived from P. kingianum , exhibits antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities. 32 Another study reported the inhibitory effect of gracillin on LPS-induced inflammation and apoptosis, attenuating cardiac dysfunction. 33 Furthermore, P. cyrtonema Hua-derived fructooligosaccharide has also been found to restore the DSS-induced disruptions in the intestinal barrier function and gut microbiota structure.…”

Pharmacological properties of Polygonatum and its active ingredients for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases

“…Extensive research has been conducted on PSPs, which are recognized as a highly significant chemical ingredient of Polygonatum . A large amount of evidence has demonstrated that Polygonatum and its active ingredients have various pharmacological effects, such as antioxidant properties [ 12 ], anti-aging effects [ 13 ], immunomodulatory effects [ 14 ], antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities [ 15 , 16 ]. In addition, studies have also proved its efficacy in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) [ 17 , 18 ], Alzheimer's disease [ 19 , 20 ], diabetes [ 21 ], cancer [ 22 ], etc.…”

“…PSPs were found to have scavenging effects on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anion radicals, and special scavenging effects on ferrous iron chelating ability, indicating that PSPs may be a potential antioxidant [ 118 ]. Li et al [ 12 ] utilized a hypoxia inducer to execute a cardiomyocyte hypoxia model in rat H9c2 cardiomyocytes and then applied Polygonatum kingianum ’s effective ingredients, saponins Gracillin and flavonoids Liquiritigenin. The results demonstrated that the intervention of 20 μM Gracillin significantly reduced the expression of malondialdehyde (MDA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), while increasing the expression level of superoxide dismutase (SOD).…”

“…In animal experiments, Li et al discovered that the extract of Polygonatum kingianum could effectively prolong the survival time of hypoxic SD rats, increase the expression levels of SOD, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT), and decrease the expression levels of MDA, LDH, and creatine kinase (CK) in the myocardial tissues of SD rats. The anti-hypoxic effect of Polygonatum kingianum may be related to the scavenging of excess free radicals and inhibition of lipid peroxidation [ 12 ]. In an in vivo antioxidant assay, PSPs at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg/d were found to significantly reduce ROS and MDA and increase SOD levels in a mouse model of cardiac senescence induced by D-Gal (500 mg/kg/d), indicating that PSPs are able to protect myocardial tissues by exerting antioxidant capacity [ 18 ].…”