There is considerable interest in the use of psychrotrophic bacteria for food biopreservation and in the understanding of cold adaptation mechanisms. The psychrotrophic biopreservative Lactococcus piscium strain CNCM I-4031 was studied for its growth behavior and proteomic responses after cold shock and during cold acclimation. Growth kinetics highlighted the absence of growth latency after cold shock, suggesting a very high promptness in cold adaptation, a behavior that has never been described before for lactic acid bacteria (LAB). A comparative proteomic analysis was applied with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), and upregulated proteins were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Both cold shock and cold acclimation triggered the upregulation of proteins involved in general and oxidative stress responses and fatty acid and energetic metabolism. However, 2-DE profiles and upregulated proteins were different under both conditions, suggesting a sequence of steps in cold adaptation. In addition, the major 7-kDa Csp protein was identified in the L. piscium CNCM I-4031 genome but was not cold regulated. The implication of the identified cold shock proteins and cold acclimation proteins in efficient cold adaptation, the possible regulation of a histidyl phosphocarrier protein, and the roles of a constitutive major 7-kDa Csp are discussed.Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) usually become the dominant flora during the storage of refrigerated preserved meat or fish products. Some of them have been widely described for their beneficial role in food preservation (42), and psychrotrophic strains present a real advantage for a biopreservation strategy (29). Matamoros et al. (35) previously isolated psychrotrophic lactic acid bacteria from seafood products and examined them for their ability to inhibit pathogenic and spoiling bacteria in a model medium. One of these strains, Lactococcus piscium CNCM I-4031, previously named EU2241, has been shown to extend the sensory shelf-life of vacuum-packed shrimp and cold-smoked salmon and to limit the development of Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Brochothrix thermosphacta (12,13,34). This bacterium shows an uncommon temperature-related growth profile. Unlike most of the LAB, the growth of L. piscium CNCM I-4031 occurs from 0°C to 29°C, with an optimum at 26°C, and is inhibited at temperatures higher than 29°C, suggesting a specific cold adaptation behavior.Low temperatures usually result in a wide range of molecular and cellular disruptions: decreases in membrane fluidity and in enzymatic activity (Arrhenius), inefficient folding of some proteins, and increases in RNA and DNA secondary structures, leading to a decreased efficiency of transcription and translation (51). Cold environments are widespread on