Protective effect of branched chain amino acids on hindlimb suspension-induced muscle atrophy in growing rats

Jang, Jiwoong; Yun, Hea-Yeon; Park, Jonghoon; Lim, Kiwon

doi:10.5717/jenb.2015.15062704

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…We also find a wealth of evidence in prior research establishing protein degradation markers upregulated with muscle disuse ( 8 , 19 ) and ROS as a prominent inducer of protein degradation pathways (ubiquitin-proteosome pathway, FOXO3, NF-κB, murf-1, and atrogin-1/MAF-bx), apoptotic pathways, and mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle atrophy ( 3 , 23 , 30 ). Experiments quantifying ROS are generally variable, leading our account for ROS through DHE staining to be strictly observational in searching for particular trends between groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…In muscle-disuse models, previous research assesses muscle atrophy via changes in muscle weight, cross-sectional area, and fiber-type transitioning. Atrophy may occur in as little as three days ( 2 ), whereas other studies reveal atrophy occurring after seven or more days of disuse ( 19 , 24 , 39 ). In the present study, we similarly observe muscle atrophy occurring after seven days of HLS in both the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles, indicated initially by reductions in the weight and size of the muscle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Numerous studies have also intervened various treatments to reduce the effects of atrophy on skeletal muscles including electrical stimulation, nutrition, and exercise intra- or post-HLS ( 1 , 17 , 19 , 34 , 49 ). However, studies specifically measuring the effects of interventions, particularly exercise training, pre-HLS are scarce.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exercise preconditioning diminishes skeletal muscle atrophy after hindlimb suspension in mice

Theilen

Jeremić

Weber

et al. 2018

Journal of Applied Physiology

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The aim of the present study was to investigate whether short-term, concurrent exercise training before hindlimb suspension (HLS) prevents or diminishes both soleus and gastrocnemius atrophy and to analyze whether changes in mitochondrial molecular markers were associated. Male C57BL/6 mice were assigned to control at 13 ± 1 wk of age, 7-day HLS at 12 ± 1 wk of age (HLS), 2 wk of exercise training before 7-day HLS at 10 ± 1 wk of age (Ex+HLS), and 2 wk of exercise training at 11 ± 1 wk of age (Ex) groups. HLS resulted in a 27.1% and 21.5% decrease in soleus and gastrocnemius muscle weight-to-body weight ratio, respectively. Exercise training before HLS resulted in a 5.6% and 8.1% decrease in soleus and gastrocnemius weight-to-body weight ratio, respectively. Exercise increased mitochondrial biogenesis- and function-associated markers and slow myosin heavy chain (SMHC) expression, and reduced fiber-type transitioning marker myosin heavy chain 4 (Myh4). Ex+HLS revealed decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress compared with HLS. Our data indicated the time before an atrophic setting, particularly caused by muscle unloading, may be a useful period to intervene short-term, progressive exercise training to prevent skeletal muscle atrophy and is associated with mitochondrial biogenesis, function, and redox balance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy, whereas exercise is known to increase mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Here we provide evidence of short-term concurrent exercise training before an atrophic event protecting skeletal muscle from atrophy in two separate muscles with different, dominant fiber-types, and we reveal an association with the adaptive changes of mitochondrial molecular markers to exercise.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Exercise preconditioning diminishes skeletal muscle atrophy after hindlimb suspension in mice

Theilen

Jeremić

Weber

et al. 2018

Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…As we know, contractile activity, as occurs in exercise, also stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and protein synthesis potentially leading to these results. The administration of branched chained amino acids (BCAAs) throughout a 14 day hindlimb suspension model of male Wistar rats diminished atrogin‐1 and murf‐1 protein expression and prevented a decrease in soleus mass (Jang et al, ). BCAAs are known to activate mTOR pathway signaling and protein synthesis while reducing degradation, resulting in the protection of muscle mass, while mTOR activation is implicated in mitochondrial biogenesis (Fig.…”

Section: Mitochondriamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Exercise and TFAM in Preventing Skeletal Muscle Atrophy

Theilen

Kunkel

Tyagi

2017

Journal Cellular Physiology

117

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Skeletal muscle atrophy is the consequence of protein degradation exceeding protein synthesis. This arises for a multitude of reasons including the unloading of muscle during microgravity, post-surgery bedrest, immobilization of a limb after injury, and overall disuse of the musculature. The development of therapies prior to skeletal muscle atrophy settings to diminish protein degradation is scarce. Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with skeletal muscle atrophy and contributes to the induction of protein degradation and cell apoptosis through increased levels of ROS observed with the loss of organelle function. ROS binds mtDNA, leading to its degradation and decreasing functionality. Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) will bind and coat mtDNA, protecting it from ROS and degradation while increasing mitochondrial function. Exercise stimulates cell signaling pathways that converge on and increase PGC-1α, a well-known activator of the transcription of TFAM and mitochondrial biogenesis. Therefore, in the present review we are proposing, separately, exercise and TFAM treatments prior to atrophic settings (muscle unloading or disuse) alleviate skeletal muscle atrophy through enhanced mitochondrial adaptations and function. Additionally, we hypothesize the combination of exercise and TFAM leads to a synergistic effect in targeting mitochondrial function to prevent skeletal muscle atrophy.

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“…Assessment of gene expression was performed according to ΔΔCT method. Expression level of genes was reported relative to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ( Gapdh ) expression level as already was implemented in similar studies [ 25 – 27 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

PPARγ/Pgc-1α-Fndc5 pathway up-regulation in gastrocnemius and heart muscle of exercised, branched chain amino acid diet fed mice

et al. 2018

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BackgroundPrevious studies have revealed the inductive effect of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) catabolism on fatty acid oxidation and metabolism, especially in muscle cells. In the present investigation, we have attempted to address whether a combination of BCAAs supplement consumption with aerobic exercise could elaborate the expression of PPARγ, Pgc-1α and Fndc5 genes in gastrocnemius muscle and heart tissue of male C57BL/6 mice.MethodsThirty-six young male mice with an average weight of 18 ± 2 g were selected. Mice were randomly assigned to 6 groups: 20 mg/mL of BCAAs consumption with simultaneous exercise-training, 60 mg/mL of BCAAs consumption with simultaneous exercise-training, exercise-trained with no BCAAs consumption group, 20 mg/mL BCAAs without exercise-training, 60 mg/mL BCAAs without exercise-training, and untrained mice without BCAAs consumption.ResultsThe findings showed a combination of 20 mg/mL BCAAs with aerobic exercise significantly increased Fndc5, PPARγ, Pgc-1α gene expression in skeletal muscles although, circulating Irisin levels remained unchanged (p < 0.05). Interestingly, plasma urea and lactate levels were significantly increased in 60 mg/mL BCAAs administrated mice which performed exercised (p < 0.05). Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine significant difference between groups and sedentary group.ConclusionsResults showed inductive effect of 20 mg/mL BCAAs on expression levels of Fndc5, PPARγ, Pgc-1α in gastrocnemius muscle similar with counterparts in heart tissue. Of note, higher serum irisin levels were detected after 20 mg/mL BCAAs supplementation coincided with the exercise.Graphical abstractAn Overview on supplemantaion of branched chain amoinoacids on metablism of skeletal muscle and heartElectronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12986-018-0298-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Protective effect of branched chain amino acids on hindlimb suspension-induced muscle atrophy in growing rats

Cited by 15 publications

References 39 publications

Exercise preconditioning diminishes skeletal muscle atrophy after hindlimb suspension in mice

Exercise preconditioning diminishes skeletal muscle atrophy after hindlimb suspension in mice

The Role of Exercise and TFAM in Preventing Skeletal Muscle Atrophy

PPARγ/Pgc-1α-Fndc5 pathway up-regulation in gastrocnemius and heart muscle of exercised, branched chain amino acid diet fed mice

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