Protective effect of Emblica-officinalis in arsenic induced biochemical alteration and inflammation in mice

Abstract

Exposure to arsenic in individuals has been found to be associated with immune related problems. In earlier studies, we have demonstrated that amla protects against arsenic induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in thymus and spleen of mice. In continuation to that the present study has therefore been focused to investigate the protective efficacy of amla in arsenic induced inflammation and immunotoxicity in mice. The results showed that arsenic treatment significantly increased serum urea levels (69 %), glucose levels (48 %) and triglyceride levels (66 %) as compared to controls. Mice exposed to arsenic exhibited significant increased in TNF-α (4.3-fold), serum Interleukin-1 beta (threefold), Interleukin-6 (3.8-fold) as compared to controls. Arsenic exposure increased the relative frequency of CD8+ (Tc) cells sub-population (18.9 %) and decreased CD4+ (Th) cells (2.6 %). Arsenic exposure also significantly decreased T (CD3) and B (CD19) cells (21.1 %) as compared to controls. Simultaneously treatment with arsenic and amla significantly inhibited serum urea levels (47 %), glucose levels (50 %) and triglyceride levels (14 %). It also significantly decreased the TNF-α (1.1-fold), levels of IL-1β (1.6-fold), levels of Interleukin-6 (1.3-fold) in serum as compared to those treated with arsenic alone. Simultaneously treatment with arsenic and amla restored the alterations in CD8+ and CD4+ cells and also recovered the damages in B and T sub cells population. Results of the present study clearly indicate that arsenic induced immunotoxicity linked with inflammation has been significantly protected through simultaneous treatment with arsenic and amla that was due to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of amla.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40064-015-1227-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Inhibits Arsenic-Induced Inflammation and Apoptosis through Suppression of Oxidative Stress in Mice

“…Supernatant samples from cells were assayed for the determination of oxidative stress-related enzymes (CAT: catalase, MDA: malonyldialdehyde, SOD: superoxide dismutase, GSH: glutathione) by kits using an automatic chemical analyser (7060, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan), following the standard procedure according to previous methods [7]. …”

“…In another set, blood was quickly collected by heart puncture for the separation of serum. For the assessment of different inflammatory markers, the thymus and spleen were isolated from mice as previously described [7]. …”

“…Elevated levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) produced by the immune system play an important role in the immune response. These factors deteriorate in arsenic-related dysfunction of the immune system, particular immunosuppression [7]. Additionally, such alterations of these factors in intracellular and intercellular homeostasis probably lead to cell death and mitochondrial dysfunction, thereby strengthening the activation of stress-related genes [3, 8].…”

Herbal Immunomodulators - A Remedial Panacea for Designing and Developing Effective Drugs and Medicines: Current Scenario and Future Prospects

“…The useful applications of P. emblica have been identified for conditions such as cancer, diabetes, liver and heart disorders and anemia, among others. Amla is reported to have numerous bio-related activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic immunomodulatory, growth promoter, gastroprotectant, cytoprotectant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, memory enhancer and protective against arsenic-induced liver toxicity [40,368,[370][371][372][373].The above mentioned biological activities at large and antioxidant, in particular, has been utilized in cases of oxidative stress since it can preserve the bioavailability of nitric oxide [374]. It also exerts an anti-platelet effect through the endothelial cells, and platelet-derived nitric oxide [375].…”

Effect of Phyllanthus emblica L. fruit on improving regulation of methylglyoxal-induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 cells

“…P. emblica is a rich source of various phytochemicals such as ellagic acid, gallic acid, kaempferol, and quercetin, all of which are excellent for capturing free radical and controlling lipid damage and DNA oxidation (Singh et al, 2015). Among them, the main constituents of WEPE are ellagic acid (4.8 mg/g of crude extract) and gallic acid (1.8 mg/g of crude extract).…”