Protective effect of growth hormone on neuronal apoptosis after hypoxia–ischemia in the neonatal rat brain

Shin, Dong Hoon; Lee, Eun‐Ju; Kim, Jong Wan; Kwon, Bum Sun; Jung, Min-A; Jee, Youn Hee; Kim, Jaehyup; Bae, Su Ryeon; Chang, Young Pyo

doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2003.09.070

Cited by 73 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In such an environment, hypoxia can develop and cause teratogenic conditions for the musculoskeletal system during embryonic development and the first larval stage. Hypoxia can also provoke cell apoptosis, a key process in these stages (Shin et al 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consecutive repetition of lordosis-kyphosis in silverside Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810 collected from a wild population in Homa Lagoon, Izmir, Turkey

Jawad

Akyol

Sağlam

2017

Archives of Polish Fisheries

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Abstract. The incidence of severe consecutive repetition of lordosis-kyphosis involving three flexions was reported in a specimen of the atherinid fish Atherina boyeri Risso. The values for the angles lay between the lines passing through the sides of the vertebral column and enclosing the curvatures, and the depth of the curvatures of the angles was obtained. Also, the ratio of the vertebral column to the fish total length of deformed and normal specimens of this species was calculated. Possible causes for these anomalies are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consecutive repetition of lordosis-kyphosis in silverside Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810 collected from a wild population in Homa Lagoon, Izmir, Turkey

Jawad

Akyol

Sağlam

2017

Archives of Polish Fisheries

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“…Beside the stimulatory effect of GH and PRL on insulin gene transcription, biosynthesis and secretion, and -cell proliferation, a role for GH and PRL in the regulation of cell death and survival has been observed in lymphoid cells (LaVoie & Witorsch 1995, Jeay et al 2000, 2002 and neurones (Shin et al 2004). Furthermore, a recent study of primary -cells showed that PRL reduces the expression of genes related to apoptosis and stimulates the transcription of genes associated with cell survival (Bordin et al 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

STAT5 activation by human GH protects insulin-producing cells against interleukin-1β, interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α-induced apoptosis independent of nitric oxide production

Jensen¹,

Galsgaard²,

Karlsen³

et al. 2005

Journal of Endocrinology

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The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1 ), interferon-(IFN-) and tumour necrosis factor-(TNF-) are toxic to pancreatic -cells and are implicated in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. We have previously found that GH and prolactin (PRL) stimulate both proliferation and insulin production in pancreatic -cells and rat insulin-producing INS-1 cells. Here we report that human (h) GH can prevent the apoptotic effects of IL-1 , IFN-and TNF-in INS-1 and INS-1E cells. Using adenovirus-mediated gene transfer, we found that the anti-apoptotic effect of hGH is abrogated by expression of a dominant negative signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT5) mutant in INS-1E cells. hGH and the cytotoxic cytokines was found to additively increase suppressor of cytokine signalling-3 mRNA expression after 4 h of exposure. In order to identify possible targets for the STAT5-mediated protection of INS-1E cells, we studied the effect of hGH on activation of the transcription factors STAT1 and nuclear factor-B (NF-B) by IFNand IL-1 +TNF-respectively. Gel retardation experiments showed that hGH affects neither IFN-+ TNF--induced STAT1 DNA binding nor IL-1 and IFN-+TNF--induced NF B DNA binding. The lack of influence of hGH on cytokine-mediated activation of STAT1 and NF B is in accordance with the finding that hGH had only a minor effect on cytokine-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression and in fact augmented the IL-1 -stimulated nitric oxide production. As the anti-apoptotic Bcl-x L gene has been shown to harbour a STAT5-binding element we measured the expression of Bcl-x L as well as the pro-apoptotic Bax. We found that hGH increased the Bcl-x L /Bax ratio both in the absence and in the presence of cytotoxic cytokines. In conclusion, these results suggested that GH and PRL protect -cells against cytotoxic cytokines via STAT5-dependent mechanisms distal to iNOS activation possibly at the level of Bcl-x L .

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“…GH administered during critical stages of brain development increases brain size in GH-deficient mice [61,67]. Animal studies further demonstrate that GH has a neuroprotective effect following hypoxic-ischemic injury [68,69]. …”

Section: Gh and The Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain Development, Intelligence and Cognitive Outcome in Children Born Small for Gestational Age

2010

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Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) can lead to infants being born small for gestational age (SGA). SGA is associated with increased neonatal morbidity and mortality as well as short stature, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus type 2, dyslipidemia and end-stage renal disease in adulthood. In addition, SGA children have decreased levels of intelligence and cognition, although the effects are mostly subtle. The overall outcome of each child is the result of a complex interaction between intrauterine and extrauterine factors. Animal and human studies show structural alterations in the brains of individuals with IUGR/SGA. The presence of growth hormone (GH) receptors in the brain implies that the brain is also a target for GH. Exogenous GH theoretically has the ability to act on the brain. This is exemplified by the effects of GH on cognition in GH-deficient adults. In SGA children, data on the effect of exogenous GH on intelligence and cognition are scant and contradictory.

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Protective effect of growth hormone on neuronal apoptosis after hypoxia–ischemia in the neonatal rat brain

Cited by 73 publications

References 18 publications

Consecutive repetition of lordosis-kyphosis in silverside Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810 collected from a wild population in Homa Lagoon, Izmir, Turkey

Consecutive repetition of lordosis-kyphosis in silverside Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810 collected from a wild population in Homa Lagoon, Izmir, Turkey

STAT5 activation by human GH protects insulin-producing cells against interleukin-1β, interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α-induced apoptosis independent of nitric oxide production

Brain Development, Intelligence and Cognitive Outcome in Children Born Small for Gestational Age

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