Protective Effect of N-Acetylcysteine against Oxidative Stress Induced by Zearalenone via Mitochondrial Apoptosis Pathway in SIEC02 Cells

Abstract

Zearalenone (ZEN), a nonsteroidal estrogen mycotoxin, is widely found in feed and foodstuffs. Intestinal cells may become the primary target of toxin attack after ingesting food containing ZEN. Porcine small intestinal epithelial (SIEC02) cells were selected to assess the effect of ZEN exposure on the intestine. Cells were exposed to ZEN (20 µg/mL) or pretreated with (81, 162, and 324 µg/mL) N-acetylcysteine (NAC) prior to ZEN treatment. Results indicated that the activities of glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) and glutathione reductase (GR) were reduced by ZEN, which induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) production. Moreover, these activities increased apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and regulated the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, caspase-9, and cytochrome c (cyto c). Additionally, NAC pretreatment reduced the oxidative damage and inhibited the apoptosis induced by ZEN. It can be concluded that ZEN-induced oxidative stress and damage may further induce mitochondrial apoptosis, and pretreatment of NAC can degrade this damage to some extent.

Efficacy of Double-Dose Dapsone Combination Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Lyme Disease/Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS) and Associated Co-infections: A Report of Three Cases and Retrospective Chart Review

“…Any decrease in red cell counts or significant anemia secondary to dapsone resolved in all of our case studies within 1–2 months of stopping DDD CT while remaining on folic acid supplementation, and none of our case studies developed rashes or significantly elevated levels of methemoglobin. Use of NAC, ALA, and GSH helped to decrease oxidative stress, support detoxification, and minimize the risk of methemoglobinemia [ 121 , 122 , 123 ], while doses of glutathione were increased to 2000 mg QD or BID along with alkalization (using sodium bicarbonate or fresh squeezed citrus) for Herxheimer reactions and/or any increased levels of methemoglobin [ 76 , 124 , 125 ]. Methylene blue can also be given orally to mitigate and rapidly reduce methemoglobinemia [ 120 ].…”

Oxidative stress and apoptotic effects of copper and cadmium in the zebrafish liver cell line ZFL

“…NAC as a nutritional supplement, is a greatly applied antioxidant in vivo and in vitro [ 63 ]. It was used as antioxidant agent in many researches, for example, treating workers exposed to lead [ 64 ] and protecting SIEC02 Cells exposed by Zearalenone from oxidative stress [ 65 ]. NAC is a fast-acting antioxidant by triggering intracellular hydrogen sulfide production [ 66 ].…”

Protective Role of Natural and Semi-Synthetic Tocopherols on TNFα-Induced ROS Production and ICAM-1 and Cl-2 Expression in HT29 Intestinal Epithelial Cells

“…Additionally, the relationship between the intracellular redox state and the expression of ICAM-1 and Cl-2 was evaluated in the same cells. To clarify the actual role of the antioxidant activity of the derivatives tested, the same experiments were performed in the presence of N -acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant precursor of glutathione, known to be able to reduce intracellular oxidative stress [ 35 ].…”