Protective Effect of Polyphenols, Protein, Peptides, and Polysaccharides on Alcoholic Liver Disease: A Review of Research Status and Molecular Mechanisms

Abstract

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) has emerged as an important public health problem in the world. The polyphenols, protein, peptides, and polysaccharides have attracted attention for prevention or treatment of ALD. Therefore, this paper reviews the pathogenesis of ALD, the relationship between polyphenols, peptides, polysaccharides, and ALD, and expounds the mechanism of gut microbiota on protecting ALD. It is mainly found that the hydroxyl group of polyphenols endows it with antioxidation to protect ALD. The ALD protection of bioactive peptides is related to amino acid composition. The ALD protection of polysaccharides is related to the primary structure. Meanwhile, polyphenols, protein, peptides, and polysaccharides prevent or treat ALD by antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptosis, lipid metabolism, and gut microbiota regulation. This contribution provides updated information on polyphenols, protein, peptides, and polysaccharides in response to ALD, which will not only facilitate the development of novel bioactive components but also the future application of functional food raw materials will be promoted.

Red Rice Seed Coat Targeting SPHK2 Ameliorated Alcoholic Liver Disease via Restored Intestinal Barrier and Improved Gut Microbiota in Mice

“…The duration of the righting reflex and liver index reflected that the drunken state and the damage to the liver were restored by RRA, and that RRA could restore liver function and systemic functional state. Oxidative stress is a key process through ALD pathogenesis [38]; at the same time, we found that RRA treatment could reduce the AST, ALT, ROS and MDA levels and raise SOD in ALD mice. These observations revealed that RRA could improve the ability to alleviate oxidative stress and enhance liver function in ALD mice.…”

Regulation Mechanism and Potential Value of Active Substances in Spices in Alcohol–Liver–Intestine Axis Health

“…It is an essential active component in bile and a critical nutritional signal transduction hormone derived from cholesterol [6,8,9,20]. It plays a vital role in maintaining the homeostasis of the body's internal environment [22], promoting glucose and lipid metabolism [23], mobilizing immune function [41], affecting energy metabolism [42], and mediating inflammatory response [43]. Bile acid is an essential medium in enterohepatic circulation, and its transport is very subtle.…”

“…In recent years, with the rapid development of natural products research, many plant extracts have entered the consumer market and played an increasingly important role in the treatment of alcoholic hepatointestinal diseases [21]. For example, bioactive substances such as polyphenols and polysaccharides in plants have been shown to improve liver damage, reduce the content of inflammatory factors, promote glucose and lipid metabolism, significantly regulate intestinal flora, and enhance intestinal mucosa [22]. Spices are a kind of food flavor substances that widely come from the roots, leaves, and fruits of plants.…”

Preparation, Structural Identification, and Screening of Egg-Derived Peptides with Facilitating Alcohol Metabolism Activity

“…Currently, these biomolecules can be roughly divided into the following four categories: polyphenols, polysaccharides, peptides, and microbial anti-alcohol metabolites [ 17 , 18 ]. Peptides have a smaller molecular weight (MW) and are therefore more easily absorbed by the body in order to function [ 19 ]. A previous study found that black soybean-derived peptides showed strong protective effects against alcohol-induced liver injury in mice [ 20 ].…”