Protective effects of Aporosa octandra bark extract against D-galactose induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in mice

Abstract

Aporosa octandra (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Vickery is a native species of India. Different parts of the plant are used for the medicinal purpose by the tribal peoples of south-eastern part of India. However, the biological properties of A. octandra have not been studied well. The extracts obtained from the bark of A. octandra were evaluated to determine their protective effect on cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in mice induced by D-galactose using the standard protocol. Different dosages of extract AOE-4 (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg, p.o.) were administered to mice, which were previously treated for six weeks with D-galactose (100 mg/kg s.c.). The D-galactose-induced mice showed significantly impaired cognitive behavior, i.e., oxidative defense, compared to the sham group. Six weeks of treatment with A. octandra extract AOE-4 (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, p.o.) considerably improved the cognitive behavior and oxidative impairment of mice compared to the control alone (D-galactose). For the phytochemical investigation, the bark of A. octandra was successively extracted with dichloromethane and methanol. The chemical constituents of A. octandra were isolated by multiple column chromatography and characterized by different spectral analyses. (R)-Coclaurine (AO-5), an alkaloid, was isolated along with two other compounds from the AOE-4 extract; three more compounds were also isolated from the AOE-1 extract of the bark of A. octandra. All the compounds were isolated for the first time from the bark of A. octandra, and their structures were established by detailed spectral studies. The structure of compound AO-5 was also investigated and confirmed by X-ray diffraction and DFT studies. This study highlights the protective effect of A. octandra bark extract against D-galactose-induced biochemically dysfunction in mice. (R)-Coclaurine (AO-5) was isolated as one of the major components of A. octandra bark from AOE-4 extract; this compound could be further evaluated for the development of new potential drug candidates.

Insights into Pharmacological Activities of Nicotine and 6-Hydroxy-L-nicotine, a Bacterial Nicotine Derivative: A Systematic Review

“…It binds specifically to mAChRs and nAChRs and is critically involved in learning and memory. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a serine-hydrolase that stops ACh action by hydrolyzing it in acetate ions and choline and represents a marker of cholinergic neuron loss in the brain region [196][197][198][199]. The cholinergic hypothesis of AD states that a reduction in ACh synthesis is the main cause of the disease [200,201].…”

Insights into the Brain Effects of a Bacterial Nicotine Derivative – 6-Hydroxy-L-Nicotine

“…It binds specifically to mAChRs and nAChRs and is critically involved in learning and memory. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a serine-hydrolase that stops the ACh action by hydrolyzing it in acetate ions and choline and represents a marker of cholinergic neuron loss in the brain region [173][174][175][176]. The cholinergic hypothesis of AD states that the reduction of ACh synthesis is the main cause of the disease [177].…”

Multitarget Diallyl Disulfides (DADS) against Aβ Aggregation: Screening through Molecular Docking with Aβ42 & ZnII‐Aβ16, ADME, DFT & Synthetic Strategy

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