Protective Effects of Salidroside on Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Injury by Sodium Hydrosulfite in PC12 Cells

Abstract

Hypoxia=reoxygenation causes cellular injury and death associated with many pathophysiologic conditions, including respiratory disorders, myocardial ischemia, and tumour progression diseases. Neuronal pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells are widely used as a model system for neurologic research and are subject to chemical hypoxia induced with sodium hydrosulfite (Na 2 S 2 O 4 ), a common oxygen-consuming agent. Salidroside, which is the main active component of the famous traditional Chinese herb Rhodiola rosea L. (Crassulaceae), has been proved to possess many bioactivities. In this article, we studied the protective effects of salidroside on hypoxia= reoxygenation injury in PC12 cells induced by Na 2 S 2 O 4 . Cultures of PC12 cells were exposed for 1 h to 10 mM Na 2 S 2 O 4 for hypoxia, followed by reoxygenation for 2 h. The results showed that salidroside was very stable in medium and was not harmful to PC12 cells at the experimental concentrations of 0 $ 200 mg=mL. The cytoprotection by salidroside was dose-dependent, and the cell viability was 41.8 AE 5.7%, 62.4 AE 4.1%, and 92.2 AE 3.7% at 0, 50, and 100 mg=mL of salidroside, respectively. The level of released LDH significantly decreased from 513.5 AE 5.5% (without salidroside) to 258.1 AE 6.3% (with 100 mg=mL salidroside). Flow cytometry was performed to measure apoptotic rate. The results of flow cytometry assay indicated that the apoptotic rate was 17.0 AE 1.2% after hypoxia=reoxygenation injury. When the cells were treated with salidroside 12.5, 50 and 100 mg=mL, the apoptotic rate was 9.5 AE 0.9%, 7.4 AE 0.5%, and 4.5 AE 0.4%, respectively. In addition, our results were confirmed by inspection of cell morphology of PC12 cells. Treatment with salidroside (12.5, 50, 100 mg=mL) significantly prevented the cells from morphologic changes. All the above results showed salidroside could effectively protect PC12 cell against hypoxia=reoxygenation injury.

Phytochemical Characterization of an Adaptogenic Preparation from Rhodiola heterodonta

“…Our findings are consistent with the published data on epigalokhin, a polymeric proanthocyanidin isolated from a related species, R. semenovii, which exhibited pronounced antihypoxic effect in both in-vivo and in-vitro experiments [21]. Additionally, the most abundant phenylethanoid glycoside, salidroside, was reported to exert a protective effect on PC12 (neuronal pheochromocytoma cells), where it prevented the morphological changes of these cells under conditions of chemical hypoxia induced by Na 2 S 2 O 4 [22] . R. heterodonta rhizome contains a wide range of secondary metabolites including polymeric proanthocyanidins [15], which interfere with direct HPLC analysis.…”

“…In one study it was reported that the concentrations of salidroside and tyrosol ranged from 1.3-11.1 mg/g and 0.3- 2.2 mg/g, respectively in dry Rhodiola rosea rhizomes collected from various parts of China [22]. In another study, the concentration of salidroside in a selection of dried R. rosea samples ranged from 0.4 to 2.7 mg/g [23].…”

Effects of Modulation of Ion Channel Currents by Salidroside in H9C2 Myocardial Cells in Hypoxia and Reoxygenation

“…Salidroside, an active component of the medicinal plant Rhodiola rosea , has anticancer, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects, along with hepatorenal and cardiovascular protective functions [10]. Its antitumor effect is related to cell cycle arrest at G1 phase via regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4-cyclin protein D1 pathway or at the G2 phase via the CDK2-cyclin B1 pathway [11].…”