2021
DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00015
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Protective Efficacy Evaluation of Four Inactivated Commercial Vaccines Against Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza H9N2 Virus Under Experimental Conditions in Broiler Chickens

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Cited by 11 publications
(14 citation statements)
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“…Inactivated vaccines had been used in China to prevent H9N2 AIV infection in chickens since 1998, but there were still numerous reports of immunization failures ( Wei et al, 2016 ; Ma et al, 2018 ; Liu et al, 2020a ). Inactivated vaccines can effectively reduce viral shedding and prevent clinical symptoms in chickens ( Khantour et al, 2021 ). However, inactivated vaccines have some disadvantages, such as limited protective effect, inconvenient immunization methods, and interference with routine serological monitoring, all of which limit the application ( Xu et al, 2019 a).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Inactivated vaccines had been used in China to prevent H9N2 AIV infection in chickens since 1998, but there were still numerous reports of immunization failures ( Wei et al, 2016 ; Ma et al, 2018 ; Liu et al, 2020a ). Inactivated vaccines can effectively reduce viral shedding and prevent clinical symptoms in chickens ( Khantour et al, 2021 ). However, inactivated vaccines have some disadvantages, such as limited protective effect, inconvenient immunization methods, and interference with routine serological monitoring, all of which limit the application ( Xu et al, 2019 a).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The positivity rate of AI H9N2 positive farms was estimated to be 50% in unvaccinated chicken farms (32 positive farms out of 64 chicken-unvaccinated farms tested), while it reached 70% in vaccinated chicken farms (31 positive farms out of 44 chicken-vaccinated farms tested). A recent study evaluating the efficacy of four different commercial vaccines on H9N2 LPAIV SF1 strain has shown that they conferred a very limited protection against the infection [ 40 ]. Park and collaborators indicated that vaccination against H9N2 virus coupled with continuous infection of vaccinated flocks is an advantage for mutant viruses selection [ 41 ], whereas other studies report that vaccination decreases viral pressure in the field by reducing the level and duration of viral shedding [ 42 ].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Over the past 5 years, 13 H9N2 vaccines originating from different H9 strains, i.e., from Morocco, UAE, Korea, Turkey, Italy, Egypt, were available and commercialized in Morocco (see Supplementary Materials Table S2 ). Despite this vaccine availability, a recent study on the effectiveness of the four most used vaccines in Moroccan poultry farms has confirmed the need to continuously adapt the vaccine strains to the virus circulating in the field [ 69 ]. In the neighboring North African countries, vaccination against AIV H9N2 is also implemented in poultry production sectors using different vaccine types, such as inactivated homologous vaccines and vectored vaccines in Algeria.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%