“…Over the past 5 years, 13 H9N2 vaccines originating from different H9 strains, i.e., from Morocco, UAE, Korea, Turkey, Italy, Egypt, were available and commercialized in Morocco (see Supplementary Materials Table S2 ). Despite this vaccine availability, a recent study on the effectiveness of the four most used vaccines in Moroccan poultry farms has confirmed the need to continuously adapt the vaccine strains to the virus circulating in the field [ 69 ]. In the neighboring North African countries, vaccination against AIV H9N2 is also implemented in poultry production sectors using different vaccine types, such as inactivated homologous vaccines and vectored vaccines in Algeria.…”