Protective factors against juvenile delinquency: Exploring gender with a nationally representative sample of youth

State, Causes And Ways Of Minimizing Female Juvenile Delinquency

“…Besides, a girl with antisocial behavioural attitudes negative influence on her peers, acting as a catalyst for the negative behaviour of this category of potential offenders. The desire for self-affirmation in a specific group of peers entails the need to assimilate accepted in it, not always socially approved, stereotypes of behaviour, which against the background of puberty and gender self-identification of adolescents can lead to various asocial and delinquent deviations (Liu & Miller, 2020). Juvenile criminals, often because of early and promiscuous sexual relations, join the contingent of mothers who lead an immoral lifestyle and neglect their parental responsibilities (Kupriyanova, 2013).…”

Decomposition of the Role of Family in Reentry: Family Support, Tension, Gender, and Reentry Outcomes

“…To apply the lens of relational theory to the reentry process, troubling family relationships are anticipated to take a heavier toll on female released prisoners. Compared to men, women exiting prison are subjected to stronger doubt, blame and even attack by family members for their failure to follow the passive, normative feminine script that society expects (Belknap, 2014; Bloom et al, 2003; Liu & Miller, 2019b). Furthermore, women attach more importance to inter-personal relationships; when there is tension and conflict in relationships, women are more easily affected and experience more severe repercussions (Belknap & Holsinger, 2006; Broidy & Agnew, 1997; Covington, 2003; Liu et al, 2019).…”

“…Troubled by relationship conflicts, women tend to blame themselves; they worry addressing others’ faults may cause attenuation of valued relationships and comprise their femininity (Broidy & Agnew, 1997). Self-blaming and the unraveling of self-esteem are related to escapist strategies such as drug use or eating disorders (De Coster & Cornell Zito, 2010; Liu & Miller, 2019b; Liu et al, 2019; Sharp et al, 2005). In contrast, men do not have as many concerns about jeopardizing relationships with others as do women, and they have a greater inclination to be confrontational and resort to expressive vindictive behaviors as a reaction to family tension (Adler, 1975; Messerschmidt, 1986).…”

Strain During Reentry: A Test of General Strain Theory Using a Sample of Adult Former Prisoners

“…Second, family neglect is another dimension of strain on criminaljustice-involved individuals. Familial support is positively associated with desistance from multiple theoretical perspectives including feminist criminology (Arditti & Few, 2008; Liu & Miller, 2019; Mallik-Kane & Visher, 2008), life-course criminology (Liu & Bachman, 2021), and social control theory (Hirschi, 1969). However, reuniting with family after release is not always a pleasant experience for criminal justice-involved individuals and their families (Liu & Visher, 2019).…”