Protective impact of Spirulina platensis against γ-irradiation and thioacetamide-induced nephrotoxicity in rats mediated by regulation of micro-RNA 1 and micro-RNA 146a

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease develops popular and medical health problems, especially in developing countries. The objective of this study is to investigate the protective mechanism of Spirulina platensis against γ-irradiation (R) and/or thioacetamide (TAA)-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Rats intoxicated with R or TAA showed alterations in kidney function markers (urea, creatinine, albumin, and total protein contents), oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase), and several inflammatory markers (including, the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, some interleukins, and nuclear factor-kappa B). Rats also acquired apoptosis, evinced by high caspase-3 efficacy. This nephrotoxicity mediated by upregulation of the messenger RNA (mRNA) gene expression of the autophagy markers: Beclin-1, microtubule-associated protein LC3, p62 binding protein, immunoglobulin G receptor Fcγ receptor (FcγR), micro-RNA-1 (miR-1), protein expression of phospho-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, and phospho-mammalian target of rapamycin, along with downregulation of miR-146a mRNA gene expression and alteration of calcium and iron levels. The combined treatment R/TAA enhanced the observed oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy that mediated by higher upregulation of miR-1 and downregulation of miR-146a mRNA gene expression. Spirulina platensis administration exhibited a nephroprotective impact on R, TAA, and R/TAA toxicities via regulating miR-1 and miR-146a mRNA gene expression that monitored adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling.

Vanillin attenuates thioacetamide‐induced renal assault by direct and indirect mediation of the TGFβ, ERK and Smad signalling pathways in rats

“…Renal injury was initiated through intraperitoneal (IP) injection of thioacetamide as previously reported 13‐15,17,29,30 . The rats were divided into five groups with eight rats in each group.…”

“…Renal injury was initiated through intraperitoneal (IP) injection of thioacetamide as previously reported. [13][14][15]17,29,30 The rats were divided into five groups with eight rats in each group. Group (1) served as a control group, and the rats were injected IP with PBS solution twice weekly.…”

“…TAA is thought to produce renal insufficiency due to the production of ROS. Many previous experimental in vivo studies discussed TAA role as nephrotoxic agent in rodents 5,7,9‐18 …”

“…Many previous experimental in vivo studies discussed TAA role as nephrotoxic agent in rodents. 5,7,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] The use of antioxidants could conceivably protect tissues from the effects of free radicals, ROS, and lipid peroxidation, thereby preventing the progression of many chronic diseases. It has been shown that many plants, such as pumpkin and sesame, have protective mechanisms involving increased antioxidant and antiinflammatory status.…”

Recent advances in the bio-application of microalgae-derived biochemical metabolites and development trends of photobioreactor-based culture systems

“…These spirulina-derived peptides can be used as an effective tool in biomedical activities by inducing toxic effects on cancer cells without adversely affecting normal cells. Salem and Ismail ( 2021 ) studied the protective mechanism of Spirulina platensis in γ-irradiation and/or thioacetamide-treated rats. Induced nephrotoxicity was associated with changes in antioxidant enzymes, kidney function markers, inflammatory markers, and markers associated with oxidative stress.…”