Protective Inhibition of Self-Regulation and Motivation: Extending a Classic Pavlovian Principle to Social and Personality Functioning

Tops, Sophie; Schlinkert, Caroline; Tjew-A-Sin, Mandy; Samur, Dalya; Koole, Sander L.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1236-0_6

Cited by 22 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…A shift from elevated to attenuated responding can be explained by theories proposing that the stress response changes with the duration of the stressor, such as allostatic load theory (e.g. Fries et al, 2005) and PRISM (Tops et al, 2015;Tops et al, 2016). At the level of the HPA-axis, several changes may be involved (see Heim et al, 2000 for review).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Theoretically, attenuated cortisol levels and responses have been interpreted as adaptations to a history of many stressful events: to diminish allostatic load resulting from high cortisol levels (Fries et al, 2005), as adaptive calibration of the stress system to dangerous environments (Del Giudice et al, 2011), and through protective inhibition of motivation to engage in challenges that may exceed one's resources or induce allostatic load (Tops et al, 2015;Tops et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Miller et al, 2007;Trickett et al, 2010). The Protective Inhibition of Self-regulation and Motivation (PRISM) model (Tops et al, 2015;Tops et al, 2016) explains how attenuation can result from an accumulation of daily stressors. Tops et al (2014) proposed that behavior and homeostasis are controlled prospectively in predictable, safe situations and reactively in unpredictable, threatening situations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because reactive control takes over when routinized, efficient responses cannot be applied and it is uncertain which responses are optimal, this control is associated with emergency ("just in case") high-intensity responses and allostatic load. PRISM serves to limit the time spent in reactive control mode (Tops et al, 2015;Tops et al, 2016). It does so by reducing motivation, through adaptation of one's subjective estimates of efforts needed to meet a challenge, efforts made and resources available (Tops et al,2015;Tops et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PRISM serves to limit the time spent in reactive control mode (Tops et al, 2015;Tops et al, 2016). It does so by reducing motivation, through adaptation of one's subjective estimates of efforts needed to meet a challenge, efforts made and resources available (Tops et al,2015;Tops et al, 2016). The PRISM model predicts that an initially high cortisol response to unpredictable, threatening situations turns into a low cortisol response when the situation persists (Tops et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Social anxiety and the cortisol response to social evaluation in children and adolescents

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Tops

Westenberg

2017

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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Contradictory findings have been reported on the relation between social anxiety and the cortisol response to social evaluation in youth. The present longitudinal study aimed to clarify this relation by taking pubertal development into account. Data were collected in two waves, two years apart, for a community sample of 196 participants, aged 8-17 years at Time 1. Pubertal development and social anxiety were assessed with self-report questionnaires. Salivary cortisol was obtained before and after participants completed the Leiden Public Speaking Task. Data were analyzed using regression analysis with clustered bootstrap. The dependent variable was the cortisol area under the curve. Social anxiety and pubertal development scores were decomposed into between- and within-participants components. Between participants, the relation between social anxiety and the cortisol response to public speaking varied with pubertal development: socially anxious individuals showed higher responses at low levels of pubertal development, but lower responses at high levels of pubertal development. Within participants, an increase in social anxiety over time was associated with a lower cortisol response. The results are in line with the suggestion that the responses of socially anxious individuals change from elevated in childhood to attenuated in adolescence and adulthood. Attenuation of the cortisol response is explained by theories proposing that the stress response changes with the duration of the stressor.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Social anxiety and the cortisol response to social evaluation in children and adolescents

Bos

Tops

Westenberg

2017

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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Measures of mental health and addictions conditions show a U-shaped relationship with self-rated worker performance

Thompson

2020

Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol

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Will they like me? Neural and behavioral responses to social-evaluative peer feedback in socially and non-socially anxious females

Molen

Harrewijn

Westenberg

2018

Biological Psychology

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The current study examined neural and behavioral responses to social-evaluative feedback processing in social anxiety. Twenty-two non-socially and 17 socially anxious females (mean age = 19.57 years) participated in a Social Judgment Paradigm in which they received peer acceptance/rejection feedback that was either congruent or incongruent with their prior predictions. Results indicated that socially anxious participants believed they would receive less social acceptance feedback than non-socially anxious participants. EEG results demonstrated that unexpected social rejection feedback elicited a significant increase in theta (4-8 Hz) power relative to other feedback conditions. This theta response was only observed in non-socially anxious individuals. Together, results corroborate cognitive-behavioral studies demonstrating a negative expectancy bias in socially anxiety with respect to social evaluation. Furthermore, the present findings highlight a functional role for theta oscillatory dynamics in processing cues that convey social-evaluative threat, and this social threat-monitoring mechanism seems less sensitive in socially anxious females.

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Protective Inhibition of Self-Regulation and Motivation: Extending a Classic Pavlovian Principle to Social and Personality Functioning

Cited by 22 publications

References 65 publications

Social anxiety and the cortisol response to social evaluation in children and adolescents

Social anxiety and the cortisol response to social evaluation in children and adolescents

Measures of mental health and addictions conditions show a U-shaped relationship with self-rated worker performance

Will they like me? Neural and behavioral responses to social-evaluative peer feedback in socially and non-socially anxious females

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