Protective molecular mechanisms of resveratrol in UVR‐induced Skin carcinogenesis

Abstract

SummarySkin cancer is a major health problem worldwide. It is the most common cancer in the United States and poses a significant healthcare burden. Excessive UVR exposure is the most common cause of skin cancer. Despite various precautionary measures to avoid direct UVR exposure, the incidence of skin cancer and mortality related to it remains high. Furthermore, the current treatment options are expensive and have side effects including toxicity to normal cells. Thus, a safe and effective approach is needed to prevent and treat skin cancer. Chemopreventive strategy using naturally occurring compounds, such as resveratrol, is a promising approach to reduce the incidence of UVR-induced skin cancer and delay its progression. This review highlights the current body of evidence related to chemopreventive role of resveratrol and its molecular mechanisms in UVR-induced skin carcinogenesis. K E Y W O R D Schemoprevention, resveratrol, skin carcinogenesis, UVR | INTRODUCTIONSkin is the largest organ in the human body, which serves many essential functions including protection from environmental stressors, infections, and regulating body temperature and fluids. 1 In addition, it acts as a huge sensory receptor for touch, heat, cold, pain, and pressure.Furthermore, it is the first line of defense and provides immunological surveillance against germs, allergens, and irritants trying to enter the body. 2 Healthy skin is also vital for visual appearance and psychosocial communication. 3,4 Therefore, continuous preventive measures are required to protect skin against disfiguring, function impairing, or lifethreatening consequences.Skin is primarily composed of 3 layers (epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous). The epidermis is the outer protective layer of skin, which consists of squamous and basal cells. Melanocytes are also found in epidermis, which are cells containing pigments and allow the skin to tan. The dermis which is just below the epidermis contains blood vessels, connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands. The subcutaneous layer (also known as the hypodermis or subcutis) is the deepest layer of the skin containing fat cells and collagens. Skin cancer occurs when there is uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in any of these 3 layers of skin. 5,6 Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States. 7,8 It has been reported that one in 5 Americans will develop skin cancer in their lifetime. 9-13 It poses significant healthcare burden, with estimated annual cost of treating nonmelanoma and melanoma skin cancer being $4.8 and $3.3 billion, respectively, in the United States. 8 Several factors can influence the risk of developing skin cancer such as excessive solar UV exposure, skin type, family and personal history of skin cancer, frequent use of tanning bed, multiple moles, history of sunburns, and others. 14 There are 3 most common forms of skin cancers that are distinguished by the types of cells affected. Most skin cancers arise from epidermal layer. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of ski...

Electrospun Resveratrol-Loaded Polyvinylpyrrolidone/Cyclodextrin Nanofibers and Their Biomedical Applications

“…Resveratrol has also been found to have protective effects on the cardiovascular system [ 9 , 10 ]. Moreover, it has been shown to have anticancer properties in various types of cancers [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Resveratrol is found in grapes and various other plants, and is also present in red wine.…”

Regulation of Cell Signaling Pathways and miRNAs by Resveratrol in Different Cancers

“…Resveratrol has a molecular weight of 228.247 g/mol and a topological polar surface area of 60.7 A 2 [ 12 ]. Because of the rapidly accumulating wealth of information about resveratrol, many review papers have summarized important biological mechanisms targeted by resveratrol for the treatment of different cancers [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Most recently published reviews have provided a summary of the role of resveratrol in different cancers; however, in recent years, none of the reviews have provided an in-depth and comprehensive overview of the cell signaling pathways targeted by resveratrol in different cancers [ 17 , 18 , 19 ].…”

Telomerase Inhibitors from Natural Products and Their Anticancer Potential

“…Normally, “hTERT mRNA” is the key subunit of telomerase enzyme that is expressed in more than 85% of cancer cells, including melanoma [ 25 ], breast cancer [ 117 , 191 ] and adenocarcinoma [ 168 ]. In addition, resveratrol has a potential role in chemoprevention/chemotherapy for oral diseases [ 194 ], breast cancer [ 88 ] and skin carcinogenesis [ 195 ]. The chemopreventive potential of resveratrol has been attributed to a variety of mechanisms, including its general inhibition of phase I metabolism and induction of phase II metabolism [ 196 ].…”