Protective role of adjuvant and potassium permanganate on oxidative stress response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) challenged with Saprolegnia ferax

Abstract

Saprolegniosis are one of the most important oomycetes affecting freshwater fish worldwide. It leads to huge losses in fish farms due to their massive destruction to the fish epidermis leading to sever heamodilution and death, yet little literature studied the oxidative stress response regarding the saprolegniosis. Nile tilapia fish were subcutaneously abraded and divided into four groups: control group, abraded but not challenged, infected group, challenged with Saprolegnia. ferax (S. ferax) zoospores 2 × 104 for one week, potassium permanganate (KMnO4) group, challenged with S. ferax zoospores 2 × 104 for one week then treated with KMnO4 and lasted for 2 weeks after, Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA) group challenged with S. ferax zoospores 2 × 104 for one week then treated with FCA and lasted for 2 weeks after and control positive group, challenged with S. ferax zoospores 2 × 104 for 3 weeks. Higher mortalities were recovered from the challenged group, which declined upon treatment compared to the continued increased rate in the control positive group. Oxidative stress indicators Nitric Oxide (NO), glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured; biochemical parameters: total protein, albumin, globulin, aspartate aminotranseferase (AST), and alanine aminoranferase (ALT) were also measured. Sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) levels were measured as indicators of Plasma osmolality. Almost of the measured parameters showed varying reduction significant levels in treatment groups compared with the infected and the control ones. Thus, this study revealed that KMnO4 have a protective role against oxidative stress response, furthermore our data provide evidence for the role of FCA in modulating the oxidative stress response and enhancing fish immune response against infections.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-94) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Treatment trails of saprolegniosis in Oreochromis niloticus

“…Data concerning liver enzyme indicated that S. parasitica had insignificant impact ALT while increased level of AST maybe dueto skeletal muscle damage. In agreement Zahran and Risha (2013) noticed that Saprolegniosis had no significant effect in ALT levels at any time of experiment. However, AST had a significant rise in the infected group at 1 st week which declined by 2 nd week and 3 rd week in KMnO 4 group to be within the control group level.…”

Assessment of apparent effectiveness of chemical egg disinfectants for improved artificial hatching in Oreochromis karongae (Pisces: Cichlidae)

“…Furthermore, it can cause undesirable water color changes, when used in aquaculture [11]. Toxicity of chemicals used for treating fish and fish eggs varies with fish species [12]. Common table salt, sodium chloride, has been successfully used in disinfection of eggs in certain fishes, as well as treating oomyceticidal skin damage in fish [13,14].…”

<b>Isolation of <i>Saprolegnia aenigmatica</i> oomycetes and protocol for experimental infection of pacu (<i>Piaractus mesopotamicus</i>)

“…(Stueland et al, 2005), and O. niloticus infected with Saprolegnia sp. (Zahran & Risha, 2013). In addition, necropsy revealed skin and fin destruction, yellow mucus in the gut and hemorrhagic enteritis (Fregeneda-Grandes et al, 2001).…”

“…The strain used for inoculation was the NeSS1 isolate from water. Zoospores were quantified in a Neubauer hemocytometer with a light microscope (400x) (Zahran & Risha, 2013). The quantity per mL was estimated, and the inoculation volume was defined (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards [NCCLS], 2008).…”

“…A pathogenicity study was also performed using S. ferax zoospores in water (2 x 10 4 zoospores liter -1 ) with tilapia previously descaled in different regions on the skin (Zahran & Risha, 2013) and according to Roberts (2012), epithelial damage to the skin, gills and gut could provide a route for oomycete entry.…”