Protective role of phenylethanoid glycosides, Torenoside�B and Savatiside A, in Alzheimer's disease

Abstract

The current study assessed the efficacy of two phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs), Torenoside B (TB) and Savatiside A (SA), in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The effects of TB and SA compounds were first assessed following amyloid beta (Aβ) 25-35 induction in SH-SY5Y cells at a range of concentrations. Their effects on cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined by performing MTT and dichlorofluorescin diacetate assays, respectively. The concentration of intracellular Ca 2+ was determined using Fluo-3AM to stain SH-SY5Y cells. SA and TB treatments were also assessed in Aβ 25-35-induced mice. Y-maze and Morris water maze methods were utilized to assess murine learning and memory capability. The pathological changes of murine hippocampi was determined using H&E and Nissl staining. In addition, biochemical parameters associated with intracellular reactive oxygen pathways including Maleic dialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Calnexin were also assessed. TB and SA treatment in Aβ 25-35-induced SH-SY5Y cells resulted in the restoration of cell morphology, an increase of SOD and GSH-Px activity, a decrease in ROS, Ca 2+ and MDA content, and a decrease in Calnexin expression. Furthermore, SA or TB treatment administered to Aβ 25-35-induced mice improved their spatial/non-spatial learning and memory capabilities. The efficacy of treatment was also supported by a marked change in the morphological structure of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 areas of murine hippocampi, as well as an increase of SOD and GSH-Px activity. Treatment also resulted in a decrease in MDA content, AchE activity and Calnexin expression in murine hippocampal tissue. As potential AD treatment drugs, SA and TB compounds have been demonstrated to alleviate the oxidative stress induced by Aβ 25-35 via the regulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis and Calnexin, preventing AD development.

Corallodiscus flabellata B.L. Burtt Extracts Stimulate Diuretic Activity and Regulate the Renal Expression of Aquaporins

“…e pharmacological actions of C-glycosyl flavones may have antioxidative, antiradiation, cardiovascular protective, and hypoglycemic effects [5]. Phenylethanoid glycosides exhibit a wide range of curative bioactivities, such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and neuroprotective, as well as other effects [6]. Previous studies in our laboratory showed that C. flabellata increased rats' urine volume and alleviated symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a rat model of AD.…”

Total Glycosides of Cistanche deserticola Promote Neurological Function Recovery by Inducing Neurovascular Regeneration via Nrf-2/Keap-1 Pathway in MCAO/R Rats

“…As previously described (Jiang and Tu, 2009), TGs contain lots of bioactive compounds, for example echinacoside, tubuloside A, acteoside, isoacteoside and 2'-acetylacteoside, and some of them showed neuroprotective functions after cerebral I/R injury (Peng et al, 2016). Echinacoside has lots of pharmacological effects, such as antioxidation, anti-senescence, neuroprotection, anti-inflammation, promotion of cicatrization, hepatoprotection, promotion of bone formation and anti-tumor activities (Yu et al, 2016;Li et al, 2018;Ji et al, 2019;Xu et al, 2019). Recently, echinacoside has been identified as a potent antioxidant in the central nervous system (Lu et al, 2016).…”

Filoviruses Can Efficiently Infect Human Neuron-Like Cells Without Genetic Adaptation

“…The human neuroblastoma cell lines SH-SY5Y and BE(2)-M17 are two of the best-characterised cell lines for studies into human neurological disease, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases (30–35), and neurovirology (39–46, 49, 52). Previous studies have confirmed their suitability as in vitro models of human neurons due to their expression of human neuron-specific markers, and the fact that their neuron-like phenotypes can be further improved through the use of chemical differentiation agents, such as RA and staurosporine (36–38, 43).…”

“…Human neuroblastoma cell lines, including SH-SY5Y and BE(2)-M17 cells, are commonly used for in vitro analysis in neuroscience research into conditions such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, and are widely considered to be appropriate in vitro models for human neurons given their expression of neuron-specific factors and markers (30–35). The quality of the neuron-like phenotypes (both morphological and biochemical) of these cell lines can be increased through the use of chemical differentiation, often involving drugs such as trans -retinoic acid (RA) or staurosporine (36–38).…”