“…Surface deposition has been probed using techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Kim et al, 1992;Lee and Merson, 1975), AFM (Gesan et al, 1993;Makardij et al, 1999;Martinez et al, 2000), SEM coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) Spectroscopy (Rabiller-Baudry et al, 2002), UV microspectrophotometry (Reisterer et al, 1993), and confocal microscopy (Reichert et al, 2002). Pore and internal fouling by proteins has been examined by using standard infrared and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (Labbe et al, 1990), radiolabeling (Robertson and Zydney, 1990), streaming potential measurements (Nystrom et al, 1994), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (Kim et al, 1994;Sheldon et al, 1991), electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPRS) (Oppenheim et al, 1994), attenuated total reflection Fourier-Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) (Pihlajamaki et al, 1998) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) (Su et al, 1998).…”