“…In the 21st century, adequate protein intakes remain essential for longevity, metabolic and muscular health [ 61 , 62 ]. Now, given COP26 and the urgency to achieve the 2016 Paris Agreement “to commit and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40% by 2030”, there has been a vast upsurge in recognition that plant proteins are preferable from a planetary resource perspective and more sustainable than animal-derived proteins [ 15 , 63 , 64 ].…”
Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG) lack uniformity globally, with the integration of protein food sources being highly variable. Protein guidance tends to be dichotomous, e.g., animal versus plant with other categories such as fungal proteins being overlooked. In 2019 the EAT Lancet Food in the Anthropocene report was a chief driver questioning the need to supply healthy diets from sustainable food systems. Some countries are developing FBDG that integrate these aspects, but these are quite often protracted, too subtle or misaligned with other countries, diluting the effects of meaningful global change. Protein quality metrics also underpin the dissemination of dietary guidance. However, for protein, these remain based on a food’s essential amino acid profile and digestibility scores, thus are nutritionally and physiologically centric. It has been proposed that this definition is becoming increasingly myopic from a wider societal perspective. Updated indices should include contemporary issues such as protein diversity and environmental outcomes. Taken together, there is opportunity for renewed thinking about both FBDG and protein quality definitions, with scope to include both health and environmental outcomes and need to move towards the concept of protein diversification.
“…In the 21st century, adequate protein intakes remain essential for longevity, metabolic and muscular health [ 61 , 62 ]. Now, given COP26 and the urgency to achieve the 2016 Paris Agreement “to commit and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40% by 2030”, there has been a vast upsurge in recognition that plant proteins are preferable from a planetary resource perspective and more sustainable than animal-derived proteins [ 15 , 63 , 64 ].…”
Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG) lack uniformity globally, with the integration of protein food sources being highly variable. Protein guidance tends to be dichotomous, e.g., animal versus plant with other categories such as fungal proteins being overlooked. In 2019 the EAT Lancet Food in the Anthropocene report was a chief driver questioning the need to supply healthy diets from sustainable food systems. Some countries are developing FBDG that integrate these aspects, but these are quite often protracted, too subtle or misaligned with other countries, diluting the effects of meaningful global change. Protein quality metrics also underpin the dissemination of dietary guidance. However, for protein, these remain based on a food’s essential amino acid profile and digestibility scores, thus are nutritionally and physiologically centric. It has been proposed that this definition is becoming increasingly myopic from a wider societal perspective. Updated indices should include contemporary issues such as protein diversity and environmental outcomes. Taken together, there is opportunity for renewed thinking about both FBDG and protein quality definitions, with scope to include both health and environmental outcomes and need to move towards the concept of protein diversification.
“…A drop in their levels directly affects protein synthesis, leading to a loss of muscle mass. 35 Therefore, we speculated that the possible metabolic factors for the occurrence of SO are abnormal metabolism of fat and organic acids in muscle tissues ( Figure 6A ). Figure 6 Changes of lipid and organic acid metabolites.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… 39 Apart from the aforementioned anabolic effects of amino acids, Arginine may also affect skeletal muscle metabolism or improve insulin sensitivity by altering circulating concentrations of growth hormone. 35 In both in vitro and in vivo studies, Betaine has been confirmed to promote myogenesis. 40 Collectively, Sommarutide can reduce the risk of SO by regulating the lipids and organic acid metabolism of skeletal muscle ( Figure 6B ).…”
Purpose
This study aimed to investigate the effect of Semaglutide on skeletal muscle and its metabolomics.
Methods
A total of 18 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into normal control (NC) group, high-fat diet (HFD) group and HFD+Semaglutide group, and were given standard diet, HFD diet, HFD diet plus Semaglutide, respectively. The body weight, gastrocnemius weight, serum lipid, blood glucose and inflammatory index levels of mice in each group were observed and compared, and the morphological and structural changes of gastrocnemius were also analyzed. Meanwhile, gastrocnemius metabolite changes were analyzed by untargeted metabolomics.
Results
After Semaglutide treatment, the food intake and body weight of mice were evidently decreased, while the relative gastrocnemius weight ratio were conversely increased. Meanwhile, the levels of TG, CHO, LDL, HDL, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and HOMA-IR were all observed to decrease remarkably after Semaglutide intervention. Histological analysis showed that Semaglutide significantly improved the pathological changes of gastrocnemius, manifested as increased type I/type II muscle fiber ratio, total muscle fiber area, muscle fiber density, sarcomere length, mitochondrial number and mitochondrial area. Furthermore, metabolic changes of gastrocnemius after Semaglutide intervention were analyzed, and 141 kinds of differential metabolites were screened out, mainly embodied in lipids and organic acids, and enriched in 9 metabolic pathways including a variety of amino acids.
Conclusion
Semaglutide can significantly reduce the body weight and the accumulation of intramuscular fat, promote muscle protein synthesis, increase the relative proportion of skeletal muscle, and improve muscle function of obese mice, possibly by altering the metabolism of muscle lipids and organic acids.
“…protein intake [27][28][29][30] may result in high demands for protein intake in older adults. However, there are concerns about the risks of prescription of high dietary protein regimens to older patients with elevated BMIs based on growing evidence that higher levels of DPI adversely impact kidney health outcomes (i.e., with subsequent decline in GFR, increases in serum urea nitrogen levels and azotemia, accelerated progression to uremia, and hyperphosphatemia), which may be exacerbated by obesity-related changes in kidney function and structure (i.e., glomerular hyperfiltration, secondary focal segmental glomerular sclerosis) [31,32].…”
Purpose of review Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is highly prevalent in elderly patients. There is growing recognition of the importance of attention to dietary protein intake (DPI) in this population given their predisposition to agerelated changes in kidney function and coexisting comorbidities (i.e., hypertension). We reviewed the impact of DPI on kidney health and survival and the role of dietary protein management in older CKD patients.
Recent findingsWhile kidney function parameters including glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow are slightly lower in elderly patients irrespective of CKD status, the kidneys' ability to compensate for increased DPI by augmentation of GFR is preserved until 80 years of age or less. However, long-term consumption of high DPI in individuals of older age and/or with CKD may contribute to kidney function deterioration over time. Prescription of a plant-dominant low-protein diet of 0.6-0.8 g/kg/day with more than 50% from plant sources or very low protein diets less than 0.45 g/kg/day supplemented with essential amino acids or their keto-analogues may be effective in preserving kidney function in older patients and their younger counterparts, while also monitoring for development of protein-energy wasting (PEW).
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