Protein Appetite at the Interface between Nutrient Sensing and Physiological Homeostasis

Khan, Shahjalal Hossain; Spann, Redin A.; Münzberg, Heike; Yu, Sangho; Albaugh, Vance L.; He, Yanlin; Berthoud, Hans‐Rudolf; Morrison, Christopher D.

doi:10.3390/nu13114103

Cited by 20 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 198 publications

(239 reference statements)

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“…This has given rise to the hypothesis that organisms can feel specific hungers or appetites for the type of nutrients they need 3,4 . Nutrient-specific appetite has been demonstrated in many organisms, including humans [3][4][5][6] . Such homeostatic nutrient consumption requires sensors that detect the internal nutritional state and mechanisms that translate this information into changes in feeding decisions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A gut-derived hormone suppresses sugar appetite and regulates food choice in Drosophila

et al. 2022

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Animals must adapt their dietary choices to meet their nutritional needs. How these needs are detected and translated into nutrient-specific appetites that drive food-choice behaviours is poorly understood. Here we show that enteroendocrine cells of the adult female Drosophila midgut sense nutrients and in response release neuropeptide F (NPF), which is an ortholog of mammalian neuropeptide Y-family gut-brain hormones. Gut-derived NPF acts on glucagon-like adipokinetic hormone (AKH) signalling to induce sugar satiety and increase consumption of protein-rich food, and on adipose tissue to promote storage of ingested nutrients. Suppression of NPF-mediated gut signalling leads to overconsumption of dietary sugar while simultaneously decreasing intake of protein-rich yeast. Furthermore, gut-derived NPF has a female-specific function in promoting consumption of protein-containing food in mated females. Together, our findings suggest that gut NPF-to-AKH signalling modulates specific appetites and regulates food choice to ensure homeostatic consumption of nutrients, providing insight into the hormonal mechanisms that underlie nutrient-specific hungers.

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confidence: 99%

A gut-derived hormone suppresses sugar appetite and regulates food choice in Drosophila

et al. 2022

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“…Circulating levels of amino acids are the principal nutrient signals of the protein need state, acting via the brain [48][49][50]. Endocrine signals of protein state are also expected to play a role in protein appetite control, probably deriving from lean tissues and being related to some combination of protein breakdown and disposal [14,50]. The idea that a powerful and hitherto underappreciated appetite signal derives from lean mass is explored further by Hopkins et al [51].…”

Section: (A) Specific Appetite For Proteinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein appetite as an integrator in the obesity system: the protein leverage hypothesis

Raubenheimer,

Simpson

2023

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Despite the large volume and extensive range of obesity research, there is substantial disagreement on the causes and effective preventative strategies. We suggest the field will benefit from greater emphasis on integrative approaches that examine how various potential contributors interact, rather than regarding them as competing explanations. We demonstrate the application of nutritional geometry, a multi-nutrient integrative framework developed in the ecological sciences, to obesity research. Such studies have shown that humans, like many other species, regulate protein intake more strongly than other dietary components, and consequently if dietary protein is diluted there is a compensatory increase in food intake—a process called protein leverage. The protein leverage hypothesis (PLH) proposes that the dilution of protein in modern food supplies by fat and carbohydrate-rich highly processed foods has resulted in increased energy intake through protein leverage. We present evidence for the PLH from a variety of sources (mechanistic, experimental and observational), and show that this mechanism is compatible with many other findings and theories in obesity research. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Causes of obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part II)’.

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“…The mechanisms of protein appetite signaling are not fully understood, but involve hormonal signals derived from the gastrointestinal tract [20] and fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) [21,22]. High-protein preloads seem to suppress appetite by increasing glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1), peptide YY (PYY), cholecystokinin (CCK), and glucagon and suppressing ghrelin release [20]. Recent papers report how gastric surgery impacts gut hormones that have been implicated in protein leverage, and surgery could disrupt the gut hormone mechanisms [23][24][25].…”

Section: Pl In Bariatric Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing for Protein Leverage in Patients with Gastric Bypass: A Pilot Study

Rodriguez-Murguiaa,

Malacara,

Kusnir

et al. 2023

Ann Nutr Metab

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Introduction: Protein leverage (PL) is the phenomenon whereby a dominant appetite for protein drives overconsumption of energy with a decline in the ratio of protein to fat and carbohydrate in the diet. PL has been independently verified in several randomized control trials, and its predictions are supported by diet surveillance data. Our aim in the present study was to test whether surgical intervention through gastric bypass will ameliorate the PL effect. Methods: Ten patients with gastric bypass (2–5 years postsurgical time) were given ad libitum access to study food comprising 10%, 15% or 25% protein and no access to other foods for 3 days while controlling food palatability and variety. Food intake was measured, and energy and nutrient intakes were calculated. Body weight, blood chemistry, lipid profile, hormones (insulin, leptin, and ghrelin) and creatinine were determined before and after each experimental period. Results: The gastric bypass patients in our study did not show evidence for protein intake regulation as predicted under PL but ate to constant total energy intake on the 10%, 15% and 25% protein diets with protein intake varying significantly. Patients lost weight in the three study periods, but significant weight loss was observed only on the 15% protein diet. Conclusion: Our results suggest that gastric bypass might disengage the PL mechanism, thus ameliorating an appetite-specific mechanism that drives energy overconsumption in modern food environments.

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Protein Appetite at the Interface between Nutrient Sensing and Physiological Homeostasis

Cited by 20 publications

References 198 publications

A gut-derived hormone suppresses sugar appetite and regulates food choice in Drosophila

A gut-derived hormone suppresses sugar appetite and regulates food choice in Drosophila

Protein appetite as an integrator in the obesity system: the protein leverage hypothesis

Testing for Protein Leverage in Patients with Gastric Bypass: A Pilot Study

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