Protein-based (bio)materials: a way toward high-performance graphene enzymatic biosensors

Abstract

Enzymes are ideal receptors for biosensors since they offer excellent selectivity and high catalytic activity. However, once removed from their native environment, enzymes present a short lifespan determining a huge...

An Electroactive and Self‐Assembling Bio‐Ink, based on Protein‐Stabilized Nanoclusters and Graphene, for the Manufacture of Fully Inkjet‐Printed Paper‐Based Analytical Devices

“…[ 85 ] We recently demonstrated that the integration of CTPR protein films in the design of enzymatic sensors can extend their lifespan from a few days to more than six months improving the repeatability and reproducibility as well. [ 85 ]…”

“…The physical entrapment of these biomolecules in the protein film results in improved thermal stability [39] and extended enzymatic activity over time. [85] We recently demonstrated that the integration of CTPR protein films in the design of enzymatic sensors can extend their lifespan from a few days to more than six months improving the repeatability and reproducibility as well. [85] With the aim to exploit this great advantage of CTPR proteins, we introduced glucose oxidase (GOx) in the ink formulation.…”

“…[85] We recently demonstrated that the integration of CTPR protein films in the design of enzymatic sensors can extend their lifespan from a few days to more than six months improving the repeatability and reproducibility as well. [85] With the aim to exploit this great advantage of CTPR proteins, we introduced glucose oxidase (GOx) in the ink formulation. We exploited this enzymatic bio-ink to fully inkjet-print a glucose biosensor, proving that the application of the presented IPEs can be easily extended to enzymatic biosensing.…”

“…The proposed ink is based on a particular class of engineered proteins called consensus tetratricopeptide proteins (CTPR). These proteins provide several advantages for the design of biosensors: i) rod-like shaped long CTPR proteins, which present a right-handed super-helical structure, [35] upon drying, can form stable and ordered films exploiting side-toside and head-to-tail inter-molecular interactions; [36,37] ii) these films can be used as efficient support to occlude and immobilize both enzymes and nanomaterials; [38][39][40] iii) CTPR proteins can act as templates to produce dimensionally controlled metallic nanoclusters [41][42][43] with redox properties. [44] In this work, we exploit the properties of CTPR-coordinated metallic nanoclusters to form a protein film in which it is possible to entrap graphene and an oxidoreductase enzyme.…”

Engineering Proteins for PEDOT Dispersions: A New Horizon for Highly Mixed Ionic‐Electronic Biocompatible Conducting Materials

“…[39] This versatility makes them ideal candidates for interfacing with other functional elements and materials to create new types of materials. As evidence of its robustness and versatility, in previous studies CTPR proteins have been used as scaffolds to stabilize metallic clusters for bioimaging, [40] combined with graphene to improve the long-term performance of electrochemical sensors, [41][42][43] template gold nanoparticles at specific positions through bioconjugation to form self-assembled conducting materials, [44] organize carbon nanotubes and porphyrin by protein-material hybridization resulting in photoconductive systems, [45] and stabilize redox active FeS 2 clusters for electron transfer conduits. [46] Moreover, CTPR demonstrated wire-like performance as molecular electronic components, showing improvement compared with tailored molecules.…”