Protein-calorie deficiency in rats

Stewart, R. J. C.; Sheppard, Hilda G.

doi:10.1079/bjn19710075

Cited by 20 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…These results are consistent with those reported by Stewart and Sheppard [27] and Stewart et al [15] in twelve generations of rats fed on a protein-calorie deficient diet. It is known that under certain nutritional conditions and even when both sexes are subject to the same kind and intensity of stress females show greater capacity to keep homeostasis [28, 29].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Effect of Intergenerational Chronic Undernutrition on Ponderal, and Linear Growth

2014

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The aim of this paper was to analyze if intergenerational undernutrition causes growth retardation in weight and body length in two generations of rats and, if so, to assess whether the delay is cumulative. Male and female rats were assigned to one of the following groups: (1) control: they were fed ad libitum and constituted the parental generation (P), and (2) undernourished generations (F1 and F2): they were fed on 75% of the control diet. Animals were weighed and X-rayed every ten days from 20 to 100 days old in order to measure total body length. Also, body mass index was calculated. Data were processed by ANOVA and LSD post hoc tests. Impairment in weight, body length, and body mass index was found in both generations; nevertheless growth retardation was greater in F2, indicating a cumulative effect of nutritional stress. Sex differences were found, since the cumulative effect of generational undernutrition was greater and earlier in males than in females. It is concluded that when the undernutrition acts with constant intensity during several generations, the growth retardation is cumulative, indicating a negative secular trend.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Effect of Intergenerational Chronic Undernutrition on Ponderal, and Linear Growth

2014

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“…Subjects and early life conditions have been described in detail elsewhere . Briefly, hooded rats (Rattus norvegicus) from a colony originated by Stewart (Stewart, 1973;Stewart, Preece, & Sheppard, 1972) were used and had the following nutritional histories:…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in visual discrimination by rats in response to malnutrition of varying durations

Galler

Manes

1980

Developmental Psychobiology

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Visual discrimination of hooded rats was tested at 3 months of age by a Lashley procedure. Three groups of rats were used: those with histories of protein deprivation for up to 20 generations, those with protein deprivation for a single generation, and well-nourished controls. Growth retardation was present to a similar degree in both genders of the 2 malnourished groups. Deficits in visual discrimination were observed in female animals with intergenerational malnutrition, but not in females with single-generation malnutrition. Males with intergenerational and single-generation malnutrition showed equal deficits in visual discrimination. These findings demonstrate that the performance of female rats is impaired only after prolonged exposure to malnutrition, whereas males are vulnerable after shorter periods.

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“…Animals and management Litters of black-and-white hooded rats from the same stock and maintained under the same conditions as those used earlier (Stewart & Sheppard, 1971) were divided into two matched groups at 3 weeks of age. One group (colony A) was given the diet of low protein value (marginally deficient, NDP:E 0.068, diet A; Table I ) and the other (colony B) was given a diet of high protein value (adequate, NDP:E 0.10, diet B; Table I).…”

Section: Vol 33mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An attempt to maintain a rat colony on a powdered diet with a net dietary-protein energy: total metabolizable energy ratio ( N D~: E ) of 0.05, had to be abandoned. The combination of an expensive diet (much of which was spoiled by the rats) and a very high neonatal death-rate necessitating a large colony, which in turn led to a heavy demand for labour, proved to be financially prohibitive (Stewart & Sheppard, 1971). These difficulties were overcome by designing diets which could be fed as cubes and had protein values which were adequate ( N D~ : E 0.10) or only marginally deficient (NDP:E 0-068), thereby reducing food wastage and labour costs.…”

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confidence: 99%

Twelve generations of marginal protein deficiency

1975

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I. Colonies of rats have been maintained for twelve generations on diets adequate (dietaryprotein energy: total metabolizable energy (NDP :E) 0.1) or marginally deficient in protein (NDP: E 0.068).2. In the malnourished colony, the proportion of 'small-for-gestational-age' offspring was ten times as high as amongst the well-nourished colony, growth was slow, sexual maturation delayed, especially in the females, and, when adult, both sexes were significantly lighter and shorter than adults of the well-nourished colony. Organs, other than the eye, weighed less than those of well-nourished 'age' controls, but when expressed relative to body-weight, the brain, pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, testes, thymus and eyes were larger, the pancreas unchanged and the kidneys smaller than those of the well-nourished 'age' controls. The relative weight of the liver showed little change, being slightly increased in the males and, like the ovaries, slightly reduced in the females. On a body-weight basis, the brains were about 50 yo heavier than normal, but in absolute terms were 5 3 . 5 % lighter than those of the wellnourished animals, the cerebellum (10.5 % lighter in males and 12.9 % lighter in females) being more severely affected than the cerebrum (4 yo lighter). 3.The young malnourished rats showed increased exploratory activity, transient head tremors and an increased sensitivity to noise, the latter being long-lasting if not permanent. When adult, they showed marked differences in behaviour and learning patterns and it was difficult to attract and hold their attention. In situations demanding a choice the animals were very excited, emitted loud squeals and tried to escape from what was clearly a stressful situation. However, a casual examination of the malnourished adults revealed a rather small, badly groomed, excitable rat without gross abnormalities.4. The findings are discussed in relation to changes found in malnourished human communities.There are many reports (see review by Platt & Stewart, 1971) indicating that protein-energy deficiency (PED) affects growth, development and reproduction as well as the chemical composition and morphology of many organs. Much effort has been expended on investigations into the effects of PED on brain development. The timing, duration and severity of the imposed deficiencies have varied greatly. Mothers have been maintained on inadequate supplies of food during gestation, the young have been given only limited access to the mother, the number of young suckled by one dam has been increased, animals have been given deficient diets only from weaning, and in some instances investigators have combined two or more of these techniques. Under any of these conditions the diet has to be severely restricted in quantity or quality, or both, in order to establish a deficiency during the critical periods of development. Except during periods of war or famine these are not the conditions existing in human communities in the depressed or non-industrialized areas of the world. More commonly the people...

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Protein-calorie deficiency in rats

Cited by 20 publications

References 15 publications

Effect of Intergenerational Chronic Undernutrition on Ponderal, and Linear Growth

Effect of Intergenerational Chronic Undernutrition on Ponderal, and Linear Growth

Gender differences in visual discrimination by rats in response to malnutrition of varying durations

Twelve generations of marginal protein deficiency

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