Protein extracting electrodes: Insights in the mechanism

Voltammetry of proteins at liquid–liquid interfaces

“…70,71 In the presence of proteins, surfactants have been exploited for the opportunity to assemble into reversed micelles in the organic phase, and into which the protein might transfer and reside, thus providing it with a more hospitable environment than transfer into a pure organic phase. Although reverse-micelle extraction of proteins has been used in protein science and technology for many years, 72,73 Karyakin and co-workers [74][75][76] were the first to study this from an electrochemical perspective, seeking to achieve electrochemical formation of reverse micelles and the electrochemical extraction of proteins into these. Vagin et al 74 employed the sodium salt of AOT (Aerosol-OT, bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate) in the organic phase of a traditional four-electrode ITIES cell.…”

“…Further studies 75,76 utilising a solid carbon electrode coated with a thin film of organic phase, octane in this case, were successful in achieving protein transfer into the organic phase in the presence of reverse micelles.…”

Electrochemical behaviour of denatured haemoglobin at the liquid|liquid interface

“…Amongst these, electrochemistry at polarised liquid|liquid interfaces has been used for the investigation of non-redox electrochemistry [2,3] and electroanalytical determination [4] of a range of ions. Recently, a variety of large polycationic molecules have been studied at the liquid|liquid interface, EC09-2006, revised 16Dec2009 2 including dendrimers [5], peptides [6] and proteins [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. We have recently investigated the electrochemical behaviour of haemoglobin [15][16][17], insulin [18] and lysozyme [19] at the liquid | liquid interface.…”

Studying the ion transfer across liquid interface of thin organic-film-modified electrodes in the presence of glucose oxidase

“…Their application spans over analysis of ion [11][12][13][14] or electron-transfer [15,16] reactions across liquid|liquid (L|L) interface, study of the mechanism of redox transformation in the organic film [17][18][19], nanoparticle preparation [20], electrocatalysis [21], and bioelectrochemical studies of redox-inactive proteins [22,23]. The thin-film electrode is a rather simple system that consists of graphite electrode (GE) covered with a thin, micrometer-dimension film, of a water immiscible organic solvent (O).…”

“…The composition of the hydrophobic (organic) phase of such an electrode consisted of a nonpolar solvent, deposited as a thin film on a strongly hydrophobic redox polymer [22,23]. They have demonstrated that the response of TFEs could be significantly enhanced in the presence of a variety of redox-inactive proteins extracted from the aqueous phase into the organic film.…”