Upon binding to its G protein-coupled transmembrane receptors, the actions of PGF 2␣ on the corpus luteum are initiated by the phospholipase C/diacylglycerol-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP 3 )/Ca 2ϩ -protein kinase C (PKC) pathway. However, little is known about the downstream intracellular signaling events that can lead to transcriptional activation in response to PGF 2␣ . The present study was conducted to examine the involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade in the corpus luteum. Three isoforms of the Raf family of oncoprotein kinases (A-Raf, B-Raf, and Raf-1 or c-Raf) were detected in bovine luteal cells. Raf-1 and B-Raf, but not A-Raf, were activated by PGF 2␣ (1 M) and the pharmacological PKC activator phorbol myristate acetate (PMA, 20 nM). Kinetic analysis revealed that PGF 2␣ rapidly and transiently activated Raf-1.In vitro protein kinase assays demonstrated that activation of Raf-1 and B-Raf resulted in the phosphorylation and activation of MAPK kinase (MEK1), which subsequently phosphorylated p42 mapk . As determined by hyperphosphorylation, tyrosine phosphorylation, and enzymatic activity, p42 mapk and p44 mapk were rapidly and transiently activated by both PGF 2␣ (1 M) and PMA (20 nM 3876 -3885, 1998)