Protein microarray technology: Assisting personalized medicine in oncology (Review)

Abstract

Among proteomics technologies, protein microarray, over the past last years, has gained an increased momentum in the biomarkers discovery domain. The characteristics of protein microarray, namely that it is a high-throughput tool, it provides a high specificity and only requires a minute amount of biological samples, render it a suitable tool for searching, quantifying and validating biomarkers in various pathologies. Protein microarray is based on the specific antigen-antibody reaction, such as any enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the specific reaction occurring on a miniaturized support (chip or slide), thus having the advantage of simultaneous evaluation of tens to thousands of molecules in small samples with a highly specific recognition for the detection system. In this review, we highlight the history of protein microarray technologies development and discuss this technology is stepping into the future. We present personalized medicine goals and discuss how protein microarray can aid in these goals, with an emphasis on several oncological diseases. We also discuss how protein technology has been used in diseases, such as lung, breast cancers, as well as in other diseases that, over the past last years, have taken advantage of this proteomic endeavor.

A dissection of SARS‑CoV2 with clinical implications (Review)

“…For ARDS, as the most severe form of COVID-19 infection, there is ample data from proteomics showing highly activated pathways of inflammation, increased levels of eosinophil-and neutrophil-derived proteins, epithelial and endothelial injury, matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7), α-and β-hemoglobin, apolipoprotein A1, osteopontin and chemokines (19,20). The context of increased inflammation in ARDS justifies the use of biological agents, antagonists of the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), and TNF-α, such as infliximab, rituximab, ustekinumab, etanercept, adalimumab and tocilizumab (18).…”

Multiomics Profiling of Alzheimer’s Disease Serum for the Identification of Autoantibody Biomarkers

“…Both approaches were used to avoid the intrinsic limitations of protein microarrays and mass spectrometry methods. Those included for PrEST protein microarrays the absence of protein modifications, vulnerability of proteins to denaturation or degradation during printing or storage of the microarrays, or absence of tridimensional epitopes; being for mass spectrometry the main limitation that related to the non-identification of extremely or very low abundant protein target of autoantibodies despite the high capacity of protein identification of mass spectrometers. In addition, to increase the width and depth of the untargeted screening, we used screening approaches using serum pools as well as individual sera from AD patients and controls.…”

In Search of Outliers. Mining for Protein Kinase Inhibitors Based on Their Anti-Proliferative NCI-60 Cell Lines Profile

“…Protein phosphorylation is a reversible process that consists of the addition of a phosphate group to the hydroxyl group of serine, threonine or tyrosine residues of protein substrates and occurs through protein kinases [1]. It is one of the most important cellular mechanisms of regulation in signal transduction, protein synthesis, cell growth and proliferation, thus, the deregulation of different kinases is implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases with inflammatory, nervous or cardiovascular components [2,3]. Protein kinases' impact in humans has transformed them into one of the most "hunted" drug targets in the pharmaceutical industry in the past years, with almost one third of pharmacological targeting in drug discovery being directed towards protein kinase inhibition [4].…”