“…Proteomics and metabolomics methods have emerged as highly sensitive and specific, unaffected by matrix effects, and capable of targeting a broader spectrum of compounds, although they are more costly ( Böhme, Calo-Mata, Barros-Velázquez, & Ortea, 2019 ). Mass spectrometry (MS)-based approaches, particularly matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight-tandem MS (MALDI-TOF-MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem MS (LC-MS/MS), have also been applied to species identification in various dairy products ( Li et al, 2020 , Rau et al, 2020 ). Notably, species-specific peptides from bovine-derived α-lactalbumin have facilitated the detection of bovine whey adulteration in specific milk at levels as low as 0.5 %, using LC-MS/MS ( Camerini et al, 2016 ).…”