Protein requirement of healthy school-age children determined by the indicator amino acid oxidation method

Elango, Rajavel; Humayun, Mohammad A; Ball, Ronald O.; Pencharz, Paul B.

doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.012815

Cited by 87 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…However, the children in the present study would be experiencing normal somatic growth and, therefore, could be expected to have a positive 24-h WBPB with adequate protein and energy intake. As such, we cannot discount the possibility that the positive WBPB during HP was a reflection of the children consuming a protein intake that was similar to their habitual intake (i.e., ϳ1.49 vs. 1.56 g·kg Ϫ1 ·d Ϫ1 , respectively) and in line with recent revised recommendations for protein intake in children (15). In contrast, the neutral balance during CON (ϳ1.16 g·kg Ϫ1 ·d Ϫ1 ) and LP (ϳ1.35 g·kg Ϫ1 ·d Ϫ1 ) may have been related, in part, to a marginally lower (yet still adequate according to the current recommended dietary allowance of 0.95 g·kg Ϫ1 ·d Ϫ1 ) protein intake relative to their habitual dietary pattern, which could have resulted in an attenuated 24-h anabolic response that can occur during the early adaptation to a lower protein intake (34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Postexercise protein ingestion increases whole body net protein balance in healthy children

Moore

Volterman

Obeid

et al. 2014

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Moore DR, Volterman KA, Obeid J, Offord EA, Timmons BW. Postexercise protein ingestion increases whole body net protein balance in healthy children. J Appl Physiol 117: 1493-1501, 2014. First published October 23, 2014 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00224.2014.-Postexercise protein ingestion increases whole body and muscle protein anabolism in adults. No study has specifically investigated the combined effects of exercise and protein ingestion on protein metabolism in healthy, physically active children. Under 24-h dietary control, 13 (seven males, six females) active children (ϳ11 yr old; 39.3 Ϯ 5.9 kg) consumed an oral dose of [ 15 N]glycine prior to performing a bout of exercise. Immediately after exercise, participants consumed isoenergetic mixed macronutrient beverages containing a variable amount of protein [0, 0.75, and 1.5 g/100 ml for control (CON), low protein (LP), and high protein (HP), respectively] according to fluid losses. Whole body nitrogen turnover (Q), protein synthesis (S), protein breakdown (B), and protein balance (WBPB) were measured throughout exercise and the early acute recovery period (9 h combined) as well as over 24 h. Postexercise protein intake from the beverage was ϳ0.18 and ϳ0.32 g/kg body mass for LP and HP, respectively. Q, S, and B were significantly greater (main effect time, all P Ͻ 0.001) over 9 h compared with 24 h with no differences between conditions. WBPB was also greater over 9 h compared with 24 h in all conditions (main effect time, P Ͻ 0.001). Over 9 h, WBPB was greater in HP (P Ͻ 0.05) than LP and CON with a trend (P ϭ 0.075) toward LP being greater than CON. WBPB was positive over 9 h for all conditions but only over 24 h for HP. Postexercise protein ingestion acutely increases net protein balance in healthy children early in recovery in a dose-dependent manner with larger protein intakes (ϳ0.32 g/kg) required to sustain a net anabolic environment over an entire 24 h period. protein synthesis; lean body mass; youth; physical activity; protein requirements PHYSICAL ACTIVITY is an essential component for the optimal growth and development of the musculoskeletal system in children. Greater levels of physical activity, especially those which are weight bearing and of higher intensity, have been associated with higher bone mineral density, lean mass, and strength in children (5,18,43). The net gain in lean mass with physical activity would require alterations in whole body protein turnover that would favor the net synthesis of body proteins, or, in other words, protein synthesis would be chronically elevated above protein breakdown.Despite the important role physical activity plays in remodeling lean tissues and enhancing lean body mass, few studies have determined the impact of specific episodes of exercise on protein metabolism in children. Whole body protein metabolism is characterized by the continuous turnover and renewal of body proteins through the simultaneous processes of protein synthesis and protein breakdown. Interestingly, previous research by the Rodriguez l...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Postexercise protein ingestion increases whole body net protein balance in healthy children

Moore

Volterman

Obeid

et al. 2014

Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…Within the last years, the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method was proposed as an alternative, probably more precise technology to estimate the protein requirements [57,58]. Until today, the IAAO method has been only occasionally used to determine protein requirement in children [59], young adults [60][61][62], older people [63,64], and pregnant women [65]. Compared to earlier data from nitrogen balance studies, protein requirements assessed with IAAO tend to be generally higher (+15-73%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revised Reference Values for the Intake of Protein

Richter¹,

et al. 2019

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Background: Following a timely update process, the nutrition societies of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland (D-A-CH) revised the reference values for the intake of protein in 2017. The Working Group conducted a structured literature search in PubMed considering newly published papers (2000– 2017). Summary: For infants < 4 months, the estimated values were set based on the protein intake via breast milk. Reference values for infants > 4 months, children, adolescents, pregnant, and lactating women were calculated using the factorial method considering both requirement for growth and maintenance. For adults, reference values were derived from nitrogen balance studies; for seniors (> 65 years), reports on metabolic and functional parameters under various protein intakes were additionally considered. Reference values (g protein/kg body weight per day) were set as follows: infants < 4 months: 2.5–1.4, children: 1.3–0.8, adults < 65 years: 0.8, adults > 65 years: 1.0. Key Messages: The reference values for infants, children, adolescents, and adults < 65 years are essentially unchanged compared to recently published values. Scientifically reliable data published between 2000 and 2017 guided the D-A-CH Working Group to set a higher estimated value for adults > 65 years. Since the energy consumption continuously decreases with age, this new estimated protein intake value might be a challenge for the introduction of food-based nutrition concepts for older people.

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“…Moreover, a mean protein requirement of 1.3 g/(kg·day) has been reported in preadolescent school-aged children (Elango et al 2011). The protein intakes of economically challenged children are much less, around 0.9 g/(kg·day) and growth stunting is a major issue in the developing world.…”

Section: Protein and Amino Acid Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Feeding growing farm animals insufficient protein also results in growth restriction. Hence, there is strong evidence that protein needs in children have been underestimated by around 50% and results in marked growth retardation in the developing world (Elango et al , 2011. These observations have important implications for public health and world agriculture.…”

Section: Protein and Amino Acid Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent developments in understanding protein needs – How much and what kind should we eat?

Pencharz

Elango

Wolfe

2016

Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.

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A novel method has been developed to determine protein requirements, which is called indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO). This technique has been validated by comparison with the "gold standard" nitrogen balance. Using IAAO we have shown that minimum protein requirements have been underestimated by 30%-50%. The National Academy of Sciences has for macro-nutrients proposed "Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges", which for protein is 10% to 35% of total energy. In practice, we suggest 1.5-2.2 g/(kg·day) of a variety of high-quality proteins.Key words: protein, protein recommendations, protein requirements, amino acid requirements, protein quality, optimal protein intakes, energy, growth, lean body mass. Résumé :Une nouvelle méthode est élaborée pour la détermination des besoins protéiques; il s'agit de l'indicateur de l'oxydation des acides aminés (« IAAO »). Cette méthode est validée par comparaison au bilan azoté, la norme de référence. En utilisant l'IAAO, on démontre que les besoins protéiques sont sous-estimés de 30-50 %. La « National Academy of Sciences » suggère pour les macronutriments « l'Étendue des valeurs acceptables pour les macronutriments » dans laquelle les protéines représen-tent de 10 à 35 % de l'énergie totale. Dans la pratique, nous suggérons 1,5-2,2 g/(kg·jour) de protéines de haute qualité et de sources variées. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

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Protein requirement of healthy school-age children determined by the indicator amino acid oxidation method

Abstract: To our knowledge, this study was the first to directly estimate protein requirements in children by using stable isotopes and indicated that current recommendations are severely underestimated.

Cited by 87 publications

References 56 publications

Postexercise protein ingestion increases whole body net protein balance in healthy children

Postexercise protein ingestion increases whole body net protein balance in healthy children

Revised Reference Values for the Intake of Protein

Recent developments in understanding protein needs – How much and what kind should we eat?

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