Protein supplement consumption is linked to time spent exercising and high-protein content foods: A multicentric observational study

Abstract

The main aim of this study is to analyze if protein supplement consumption and food patterns vary across three geographical regions and secondly to identify possible factors that increase the likelihood of ingesting protein supplements. A total of 916 responses from gym users of 3 countries (Italy, Turkey and UK) were entered for analysis. Questions were related to supplement consumption (protein and other supplements), food intake and training habits. A descriptive analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and logistic regression were performed. No differences were found across groups regarding: prevalence of protein supplement consumption, typology of other ingested supplement and food intake. No relation was found between level of education (r = .12) or geographical region (r = .16) and protein consumption. The analysis showed that the coach is the main source of suggestion for the intake of protein supplements (52.3%). The logistic regression model highlighted that gym users who exercised more (OR 1.51, p < 0.001) and consumed higher quantities of chicken (OR 1.39, p < 0.001) eggs (OR 1.18, p < 0.001) and canned tuna (OR 1.15, p < 0.05) were more likely to use protein supplements. Geographical area does not seem to influence the supplementation pattern. Time spent exercising and high protein foods are factors associated with protein supplement consumption.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Use of Protein Supplements among Saudi Adults: Gender Differences

“…Dietary supplements (DS) are food products containing dietary ingredients intended to supplement the diet with more nutritional value, and they include vitamins, minerals, amino acids, herbs or botanicals, and other substances [ 1 ]. There is a lot of evidence on the widespread use of DS in various countries [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. In Saudi Arabia, many studies have shown that the consumption of DS is becoming increasingly popular, particularly among fitness center attendees.…”

“…Earlier studies have also shown that the prevalence of consuming supplements is generally higher in males compared with females [ 3 , 4 , 24 , 25 ]. Among US Military Personnel, 42% reported using proteins or amino acids, and factors independently associated with DS use included female gender (OR female/male: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.73, 2.11) [ 6 ].…”

Study of the relationship between applied transmembrane pressure and antimicrobial activity of lysozyme

“…In the last two decades, the application and processing of proteins in food, biological, pharmaceutical and chemistry industries have increased due to their use as food supplement (i.e. whey protein) 1 , 2 , hormones, vaccines, antibiotics, antibodies and biopharmaceutical enzymes 3 , among others. Obtaining high quality proteins for delivery to the final consumers is a major concern of the industries and, for this reason, the processing of proteins is necessary.…”

Development, Validation and Application of an ICP-SFMS Method for the Determination of Metals in Protein Powder Samples, Sourced in Ireland, with Risk Assessment for Irish Consumers

“…Research has indicated that the early intake of protein following training, in amounts of 0.25–0.30 g/kg bodyweight (17.5–21.0 g for a 70 kg person), can help to rebuild and strengthen muscle fibres affected during intense training [ 6 ]. Protein powder supplements are recognised by athletes and gym users as an efficient means of meeting this requirement [ 7 ]. The recommended daily intake of protein for adequate nutrition has been reported to be between 0.8 and 1.2 g/kg bodyweight (56–84 g per day for a 70 kg person) [ 8 ], with higher intakes of up to 3.1 g/kg bodyweight suggested for more active individuals looking to increase performance and enhance muscle mass [ 6 , 7 , 9 , 10 ].…”

“…Protein powder supplements are recognised by athletes and gym users as an efficient means of meeting this requirement [ 7 ]. The recommended daily intake of protein for adequate nutrition has been reported to be between 0.8 and 1.2 g/kg bodyweight (56–84 g per day for a 70 kg person) [ 8 ], with higher intakes of up to 3.1 g/kg bodyweight suggested for more active individuals looking to increase performance and enhance muscle mass [ 6 , 7 , 9 , 10 ]. However, currently there is no evidence to suggest that daily consumption in excess of 3.0 g protein/kg bodyweight provides any additional benefit to consumers [ 7 ].…”