“…Therefore, given the brief literature above, although PSO algorithm is applied to forecast energy demand in Turkey, it is not applied to electricity energy demand until now. In addition, although ABC algorithm and its modifications were successfully used for solving different problems such as clustering [35,64], scheduling [53], designing [34,48,45], vehicle routing [60], prediction [3,31,30]; there is no study which uses ABC algorithm to forecast electricity energy demand in Turkey. Hence, to the best knowledge of the authors, this study is the first study which uses PSO and ABC algorithms to estimate electricity energy demand in Turkey.…”