Protein Tyrosine Nitration in Plant Nitric Oxide Signaling

Abstract

Nitric oxide (NO), which is ubiquitously present in living organisms, regulates many developmental and stress-activated processes in plants. Regulatory effects exerted by NO lies mostly in its chemical reactivity as a free radical. Proteins are main targets of NO action as several amino acids can undergo NO-related post-translational modifications (PTMs) that include mainly S-nitrosylation of cysteine, and nitration of tyrosine and tryptophan. This review is focused on the role of protein tyrosine nitration on NO signaling, making emphasis on the production of NO and peroxynitrite, which is the main physiological nitrating agent; the main metabolic and signaling pathways targeted by protein nitration; and the past, present, and future of methodological and strategic approaches to study this PTM. Available information on identification of nitrated plant proteins, the corresponding nitration sites, and the functional effects on the modified proteins will be summarized. However, due to the low proportion of in vivo nitrated peptides and their inherent instability, the identification of nitration sites by proteomic analyses is a difficult task. Artificial nitration procedures are likely not the best strategy for nitration site identification due to the lack of specificity. An alternative to get artificial site-specific nitration comes from the application of genetic code expansion technologies based on the use of orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pairs engineered for specific noncanonical amino acids. This strategy permits the programmable site-specific installation of genetically encoded 3-nitrotyrosine sites in proteins expressed in Escherichia coli, thus allowing the study of the effects of specific site nitration on protein structure and function.

Bioremoval of Co(II) by a novel halotolerant microalgae Dunaliella sp. FACHB-558 from saltwater

“…Plants produce NO in response to abiotic stresses and utilize it to alleviate the damage caused by ROS ( Qiao and Fan, 2008 ). As a redox-related signaling molecule, NO is implicated in post-translational modifications such as S-nitrosylation of cysteine, and nitration of tyrosine and tryptophan ( Leon, 2022 ). In the context of cobalt-stressed Dunaliella sp.…”

Catalase post-translational modifications as key targets in the control of erythrocyte redox homeostasis in children with obesity and insulin resistance

“…The enzyme involved in denitration remains yet unclear. Antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, are targets of Tyr nitration, representing a very relevant node of regulation of ROS metabolism in plants [41]. Catalase specific target residues for nitrotyrosine modification have not yet been identified.…”

SNP-based bulk segregant analysis revealed disease resistance QTLs associated with northern corn leaf blight in maize

“…Moreover, ATPase genes are known for their active role in hypersensitive response (HR) toward plant pathogens (Dmitriev et al, 2017;Weiß and Winkelmann, 2017;Waititu et al, 2021). Nitric oxide (NO) regulates developmental and stress-mediated responses in plants by activating NO-signaling pathways (León, 2022) associated with Tyrosine-protein.…”