An extract from a
PDB static culture of Malbranchea
dendritica exhibited α-glucosidase and PTP-1B
inhibitory activities. Fractionation of the active extract led to
the isolation of gymnoascolide A (1), a γ-butenolide,
and xanthones sydowinin A (2), sydowinin B (3), and AGI-B4 (4), as well as orcinol (5). Compound 1 exhibited important inhibitory activity
against yeast α-glucosidase (IC50 = 0.556 ±
0.009 mM) in comparison to acarbose (IC50 = 0.403 ±
0.010 mM). Kinetic analysis revealed that 1 is a mixed-type
inhibitor. Furthermore, compound 1 significantly reduced
the postprandial peak in mice during a sucrose tolerance test at the
doses of 5.16 and 10 mg/kg. Compound 1 was reduced with
Pd/C to yield a mixture of enantiomers 1a and 1b; the mixture showed similar activity against α-glucosidase
(IC50 = 0.396 ± 0.003 mM) and kinetic behavior as
the parent compound but might possess better drug-likeness properties
according to SwissADME and Osiris Property Explorer tools. Docking
analysis with yeast α-glucosidase (pdb: 3A4A) and the C-terminal
subunit of human maltase-glucoamylase (pdb: 3TOP) predicted that 1, 1a, and 1b bind to an allosteric
site of the enzymes. Compounds 1–5 were evaluated against PTP-1B, but only xanthone 3 moderately
inhibited in a noncompetitive fashion the enzyme with an IC50 of 0.081 ± 0.004 mM. This result was consistent with that of
docking analysis, which revealed that 3 might bind to
an allosteric site of the enzyme. From the inactive barley-based semisolid
culture of M. dendritica, the natural
pigment erythroglaucin (6) and the nucleosides deoxyadenosine
(7), adenosine (8), thymidine (9), and uridine (10) were also isolated and identified.