Proteins level in Sera and Saliva of Type 2 Diabetic Iraqi Patients with and without Proliferative Retinopathy

Abstract

Proteins play a central role in cell structure and function. The present study aimed to measure the changes in total protein [TP], albumin [A], globulin [G], and [A]/ [G] ratio in sera and saliva samples of type 2 diabetic patients with and without proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Meanwhile agarose electrophoresis was used to confirm such changes. Also it aimed to look for the possibility of using saliva as an alternative sample to serum as a diagnostic fluid. The results indicated that a significant increase was observed in serum [G], salivary [TP], [A], and [A]/ [G] ratio, p =0.000, p=0.041, p=0.04, p=0.001 respectively, while there was a significant decrease in serum [A]/ [G] ratio p=0.000 in patients without PDR compared to healthy control. Also, the results showed that there was a significant increase in serum [G], salivary [TP], [A], [G] and [A]/[G] ratio, p =0.000, p=0.000, p=0.000, p=0.000, p=0.037 respectively, while a significant decrease in serum [A]/[G] ratio p=0.000 was observed in patients with PDR compared to patients without PDR. Sera and salivary agarose gel electrophoresis fractionation indicated an increase in [TP] and [G], but the changes were more obvious in the levels of gamma globulin fractions where the higher values were noticed in the patients group with PDR. Sera [A] were slightly decreased while salivary [A] was slightly increased. The most obvious finding was the existence of a positive correlation between the changes in [TP], [A] and [G] of serum and saliva in all studied groups.

Evaluating serum and salivary free light chains levels as a potential indicator of acute kidney injury post cardiac surgery

“…Saliva testing is useful in biomarker research because it is non-invasive, making it appropriate for repeated measurements, long-term sampling, and certain populations or study designs where blood sample is not feasible. Several researches were documented the possibility of using saliva as an alternative sample to serum as a diagnostic fluid [68][69][70][71][72]. Free light chains (FLCs) have great significance across diseases and demographics, making them excellent for salivary analysis.…”

Oxidative Stress Status in Sera and Saliva of Type 2 Diabetic Iraqi Patients with and without Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

“…The participants of the current study were the same participants of our previous study. The serum and unstimulated whole, mixed-saliva samples which were collected as previously mentioned [7] were analyzed for level of total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS) and oxidative stress index (OSI). Both serum and saliva samples were stored frozen at -20 ºC in polyethylene tubes until they were used for the assay.…”

“…Many studies [3][4][5][6] suggested a role of oxidants and antioxidants parameters in diabetes mellitus, these studies were carried out in different countries and populations on serum samples only where individual oxidants such as malondialdehyde levels and antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase were measured. In this study, we carried in our laboratory [7] the oxidant, antioxidant status and oxidative stress index (OSI) were evaluated…”