Proteoglycans in breast cancer, identification and characterization by LC‐MS/MS assisted proteomics approach: A review

Abstract

Purpose: Proteoglycans (PGs) are negatively charged macromolecules containing a core protein and single or several glycosaminoglycan chains attached by covalent bond.They are distributed in all tissues, including extracellular matrix (ECM), cell surface, and basement membrane. They are involved in major pathways and cell signalling cascades which modulate several vital physiological functions of the body. They have also emerged as a target molecule for cancer treatment and as possible biomarkers for early cancer detection. Among cancers, breast cancer is a highly invasive and heterogenous type and has become the major cause of mortality especially among women. So, this review revisits the studies on PGs characterization in breast cancer using LC-MS/MSbased proteomics approach, which will be further helpful for identification of potential PGs-based biomarkers or therapeutic targets.Experimental design: There is a lack of comprehensive knowledge on the use of LC-MS/MS-based proteomics approaches to identify and characterize PGs in breast cancer. Results: LC-MS/MS assisted PGs characterization in breast cancer revealed the vitalPGs in breast cancer invasion and progression. In addition, comprehensive profiling and characterization of PGs in breast cancer are efficiently carried out by this approach. Conclusions: Proteomics techniques including LC-MS/MS-based identification of proteoglycans is effectively carried out in breast cancer research. Identification of expression at different stages of breast cancer is a major challenge, and LC-MS/MSbased profiling of PGs can boost novel strategies to treat breast cancer, which involve targeting PGs, and also aid early diagnosis using PGs as biomarkers.

Exploiting Matrix Stiffness to Overcome Drug Resistance

“…98 Proteoglycans have a protein core and are covalently bonded with glycosaminoglycans. 99 Hyaluronic acid does not contain any protein core; hyaluronic acids have a linear polysaccharide, hyaluronan, in their core. 7,79 Proteoglycans are mainly in charge of hydration and compressive strength, which are directly related to the elastoviscosity of the ECM.…”

“…Laminin is not a fibrous protein but is considered as a glycoprotein and it is one of the most abundant proteins after collagen in ECM and BM. ,, Interaction with different ECM components, such as collagen or fibronectin causes the laminin to regulate cell adhesion, migration, morphogenesis, and tissue homeostasis . Proteoglycans have a protein core and are covalently bonded with glycosaminoglycans . Hyaluronic acid does not contain any protein core; hyaluronic acids have a linear polysaccharide, hyaluronan, in their core. , Proteoglycans are mainly in charge of hydration and compressive strength, which are directly related to the elastoviscosity of the ECM. , Recent studies show that changes in hyaluronic acid levels in serum can be considered as a biomarker of breast cancer since the changes in the hyaluronic acid composition are associated with tumor progression …”

Comprehensive untargeted serum metabolomics identifies biomarkers and metabolic pathways in breast cancer

“…Z-score analysis was employed to evaluate the dispersion of different metabolites. Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis of differential metabolites was performed using MetaboAnalyst 6.0, with pathways having a p < 0.05 considered signi cant [24]. Figures illustrating the results were generated using GraphPad Prism 9.0.…”

Integrating proteomics and explainable artificial intelligence: a comprehensive analysis of protein biomarkers for endometrial cancer diagnosis and prognosis

“…Proteomics is a field that has grown significantly in recent years, thanks to important technological developments that allow accurate and sensitive analysis, and is widely used to identify candidates with biomarker potential in the diagnosis/prognosis of diseases ( Aerqin et al, 2022 ; Li et al, 2022 ; Messner et al, 2023 ). In proteomics, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based analyzes are frequently used for the analysis of proteins ( Kizhakkeppurath Kumaran et al, 2023 ).…”