Proteolytic cascades and their involvement in invertebrate immunity

Cerenius, Lage; Kawabata, Shun-ichiro; Lee, Bok Luel; Nonaka, Masaru; Söderhäll, Kenneth

doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2010.04.006

Cited by 307 publications

(211 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…After recognition, the egg is indeed rapidly covered by host hemocytes that likely produce killing oxygen radicals (54). Also, lamellocytes, the main forming-capsule hemocytes, specifically express the PO3 gene (55,56), and a deposit of melanin, indicating PO activity, is observed at the surface of the parasitoid egg (3,57,58).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase in Insects

Colinet

Cazes

Belghazi³

et al. 2011

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Background: Endoparasitoid wasps inject venom proteins at oviposition to alter host immunity. Results: The venom of Leptopilina boulardi, but not of a related species, contains an active extracellular SOD. Recombinant SODs inhibit the Drosophila host phenoloxidase activity. Conclusion: An extracellular SOD is secreted and active in an insect fluid. Significance: SODs may be used as immune suppressive virulence factors by parasitoid wasps.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase in Insects

Colinet

Cazes

Belghazi³

et al. 2011

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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“…(Palmer et al 2008). Melanin encapsulation is a key component of the invertebrate immune response and is well characterized in insects and crustaceans (reviewed by Rowley 1996, Cerenius et al 2010. Similarly, the melanization response plays a role in scleractinian wound healing (Palmer et al 2011).…”

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confidence: 99%

Friend or foe: the association of Labyrinthulomycetes with the Caribbean sea fan Gorgonia ventalina

Burge¹,

Douglas²,

Conti-Jerpe³

et al. 2012

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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A new syndrome in sea fans Gorgonia ventalina consisting of multifocal purple spots (MFPS) has been observed in the Caribbean Sea. Surveys of MFPS on sea fans were conducted from 2006 to 2010 at a shallow and deep site in La Parguera, Puerto Rico (PR). At the shallow site, MFPS increased between 2006 and 2010 (site average ranged from 8 to 23%), with differences found at depths over time using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA, p < 0.0001). As a potential causative agent we examined a Labyrinthulomycota-like ovoid parasite that was observed to be abundant in MFPS lesions in light micrographs. Labyrinhylomycetes were successfully isolated, cultured and characterized in sea fans from Florida and PR. Sequence information obtained from the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene indicated that Labyrinthulomycetes in most sea fans (healthy and MFPS sea fans from Florida; MFPS from PR) and the cultured microorganism are in the genus Aplanochytrium, although some healthy sea fans from PR contained members of the genus Thraustochytrium. Both genera fall within the family Thraustochytriidae. Histology confirmed ob servations of thraustochytrids within apparently healthy and MFPS sea fans from PR, and specific staining indicated a host melanization response only in colonies containing Labyrinthulomycetes or fungal infections. Growth trials indicate that the temperature-growth optima for the cultured microorganism is ~30°C. In inoculation experiments, the cultured Aplanochytrium did not induce purple spots, and histology revealed that many of the apparently healthy recipients contained Labyrinthulomycetes prior to inoculation. Taken together, these results indicate that the Labyrinthulomycetes associated with sea fans is likely an opportunistic pathogen. Further studies are needed to understand the pathogenesis of this microorganism in sea fans and its relationship with MFPS.KEY WORDS: Labyrinthulomycota · Caribbean sea fan · Gorgonia ventalina · Multi-focal purple spots · MFPS Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 101: [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] 2012 increase in the number of purple sclerites and is a generalized response to invading pathogens or other biotic agents (Petes et al. 2003, Alker et al. 2004, Smith & Weil 2004. Necrotic lesions, surrounded by purple halos in G. ventalina, have been described as aspergillosis (Smith et al. 1996, Nagelkerken et al. 1997, Kim & Harvell 2001. The terrestrial fungus Aspergillus sy dowii was isolated from fans with these signs and Koch's postulates fulfilled in controlled laboratory experiments (Smith et al. 1996, Geiser et al. 1998). More recently, culture-dependent sampling showed that fungal species other than A. sydowii can be associated with lesions (ToledoHernández et al. 2008). During field surveys in Mexico, Florida, and Puerto Rico, a new type of lesion was identified (Weil & Hooten 2009, Weil & Rogers 2011 our Fig. 1) that is characterized by small (1 to 3 mm in diameter), circular to oblong multi-focal...

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“…In invertebrates, phenoloxidases (POs) play a key role in melanization, and the ''prophenoloxidase activating system'' (proPO) comprises an enzyme cascade that leads to active PO and can act as a defensive mechanism in both protostome and deutorostome clades as arthropods, molluscs, annelids, and ascidians (e.g., Söderhäll and Cerenius, 1998;Cerenius and Söderhäll, 2004;Cerenius et al, 2010;Cammarata et al, 1996;Cammarata and Parrinello, 2009;Vizzini et al, 2013). POs are bifunctional copper containing enzymes, components of the arthropod hemocyanin family (Coates and Nairn, 2013), which catalyse both the orthohydroxylation of monophenol (i.e., tyrosine) forming o-diphenol, and the dehydrogenation of diphenol into o-quinones which can polymerize producing melanin (Nappi and Seymur, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tyrosine is converted to (3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine; DOPA) and the produced DOPA-quinone can form melanin. After hemocytes were stimulated by components of pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP), the zymogen is activated via serine proteinases (e.g., Söderhäll and Cerenius,1998;Cerenius and Söderhäll, 2004;Cammarata et al, 1997Cammarata et al, , 2008Cerenius and Söderhäll, 2013), and in the arthropods Pacifastacus leniulusculus these cells degranulate and release inflammatory factors (reviewed in Cerenius et al (2010)). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%