Abstract:BackgroundLamprosema indicate is a major leaf feeding insect pest to soybean, which has caused serious yield losses in central and southern China. To explore the defense mechanisms of soybean resistance to Lamprosema indicate, a highly resistant line (Gantai-2-2) and a highly susceptible line (Wan 82–178) were exposed to Lamprosema indicate larval feedings for 0 h and 48 h, and the differential proteomic analyses of these two lines were carried out.ResultsThe results showed that 31 differentially expressed pro… Show more
“…However, there is difference between the actual value. The difference between the values may be due to the different detection methods [16, 17]. Therefore, our iTRAQ results are reliable and reproducible.Fig.…”
Background
The
Bemisia tabaci
is a major leaf feeding insect pest to pepper (
Capsicum annuum
), causing serious damage to pepper growth and yield. It is particularly important to study the mechanism of pepper resistance to
B. tabaci
, and to breed and promote the varieties of pepper resistant to
B. tabaci
. However, very limited molecular mechanism is available about how plants perceive and defend themselves from the destructive pest. Proteome technologies have provided an idea method for studying plant physiological processes in response to
B. tabaci
.
Results
Here, a highly resistant genotype and a highly susceptible genotype were exposed to
B. tabaci
feeding for 48 h to explore the defense mechanisms of pepper resistance to
B. tabaci
. The proteomic differences between both genotypes were compared using isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ). The quantitative data were validated by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). The results showed that 37 differential abundance proteins (DAPs) were identified in the RG (resistant genotype), while 17 DAPs were identified in the SG (susceptible genotype) at 48 h after
B. tabaci
feeding. 77 DAPs were identified when comparing RG with SG without feeding. The DAP functions were determined for the classification of the pathways, mainly involved in redox regulation, stress response, protein metabolism, lipid metabolism and carbon metabolism. Some candidate DAPs are closely related to
B. tabaci
resistance such as annexin D4-like (ANN4), calreticulin-3 (CRT3), heme-binding protein 2-like (HBP1), acidic endochitinase pcht28-like (PR3) and lipoxygenase 2 (LOX2).
Conclusions
Taken together, this study indicates complex resistance-related events in
B. tabaci
interaction, provides novel insights into the molecular mechanism underlying the response of plant to
B. tabaci
, and identifies some candidate proteins against
B. tabaci
attack.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-019-1849-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
“…However, there is difference between the actual value. The difference between the values may be due to the different detection methods [16, 17]. Therefore, our iTRAQ results are reliable and reproducible.Fig.…”
Background
The
Bemisia tabaci
is a major leaf feeding insect pest to pepper (
Capsicum annuum
), causing serious damage to pepper growth and yield. It is particularly important to study the mechanism of pepper resistance to
B. tabaci
, and to breed and promote the varieties of pepper resistant to
B. tabaci
. However, very limited molecular mechanism is available about how plants perceive and defend themselves from the destructive pest. Proteome technologies have provided an idea method for studying plant physiological processes in response to
B. tabaci
.
Results
Here, a highly resistant genotype and a highly susceptible genotype were exposed to
B. tabaci
feeding for 48 h to explore the defense mechanisms of pepper resistance to
B. tabaci
. The proteomic differences between both genotypes were compared using isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ). The quantitative data were validated by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). The results showed that 37 differential abundance proteins (DAPs) were identified in the RG (resistant genotype), while 17 DAPs were identified in the SG (susceptible genotype) at 48 h after
B. tabaci
feeding. 77 DAPs were identified when comparing RG with SG without feeding. The DAP functions were determined for the classification of the pathways, mainly involved in redox regulation, stress response, protein metabolism, lipid metabolism and carbon metabolism. Some candidate DAPs are closely related to
B. tabaci
resistance such as annexin D4-like (ANN4), calreticulin-3 (CRT3), heme-binding protein 2-like (HBP1), acidic endochitinase pcht28-like (PR3) and lipoxygenase 2 (LOX2).
Conclusions
Taken together, this study indicates complex resistance-related events in
B. tabaci
interaction, provides novel insights into the molecular mechanism underlying the response of plant to
B. tabaci
, and identifies some candidate proteins against
B. tabaci
attack.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-019-1849-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
“…Amino acid sequences of DEPs were uploaded to the String server, and database of Danio rerio was selected. The threshold of minimum required interaction score was set to the highest confidence (score = 0.900), and the results were visualized by using software Cytoscape3.5.1 [ 62 ].…”
BackgroundCoexistence and transition of diverse sex determination strategies have been revealed in some ectothermic species, but the variation between males caused by different sex determination strategies and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. Here, we used the gynogenetic gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) with both genotypic sex determination (GSD) and temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) strategies to illustrate this issue.ResultsWe found out that males of GSD and TSD in gibel carp had similar morphology, testicular histology, sperm structure and sperm vitality. However, when maternal individuals were mated with males of GSD, sperm nucleus swelling and fusing with the female pronucleus were observed in the fertilized eggs. On the contrary, when maternal individuals were mated with males of TSD, sperm nucleus remained in the condensed status throughout the whole process. Subsequently, semen proteomics analysis unveiled that DNA replication and gene expression-related pathways were inhibited in the sperm from males of TSD compared to males of GSD, and most differentially expressed proteins associated with DNA replication, transcription and translation were down-regulated. Moreover, via BrdU incorporation and immunofluorescence detection, male nucleus replication was revealed to be present in the fertilized eggs by the sperm from males of GSD, but absent in the fertilized eggs by the sperm from males of TSD.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that DNA replication and gene expression-related pathways are associated with the distinct sperm nucleus development behaviors in fertilized eggs in response to the sperm from males of GSD and TSD. And this study is the first attempt to screen the differences between males determined via GSD and TSD in gynogenetic species, which might give a hint for understanding evolutionary adaption of diverse sex determination mechanisms in unisexual vertebrates.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4823-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
“…At present, the validation of proteomic data is mainly done by quantitative RT‐PCR (qRT‐PCR) analysis (measuring the abundance of mRNA), immunoblotting (detection of specific proteins using antibody), and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) analysis (quantitative comparison of the target proteins) . It has been well documented that transcript levels are not usually in close agreement with protein abundance, because protein abundance depends not only on transcript levels, but also on the rate of protein translation and degradation .…”
Section: Importance Of Enzyme Activity Assaymentioning
Comparative proteomics is widely used to detect protein changes, especially differential abundance proteins (DAPs) that are involved in plant responses to development, disease, or environment. Once DAPs are identified, it is essential to validate any change in their abundance, and their role in the biological process under study. In addition to common confirmation by quantitative RT-PCR, immunoblot, and multiple reaction monitoring analysis, it has been proposed that enzyme activity assay (EAA) can be complementary to the standard proteomics results, especially regarding the elucidation of protein (enzyme) function and the mechanism of enzyme-associated biochemical or metabolic pathways. The enzymes discussed here are the DAPs identified in comparative plant proteomics. Despite the small number of enzymes in a proteome, they often make up a substantial proportion of the DAPs identified in comparative studies. Currently, only a few studies have performed EAA to complement the interpretation of proteomic data, especially activity-based protein profiling. This viewpoint aims to arouse the attention of proteomic researchers on the promising role of EAA in plant proteomics and highlights the need for high-throughput assays of enzyme activities in comparative plant proteomics.
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