Proteomic Analysis of Saliva Identifies Potential Biomarkers for Orthodontic Tooth Movement

Abstract

Orthodontic treatment has been shown to induce inflammation, followed by bone remodelling in the periodontium. These processes trigger the secretion of various proteins and enzymes into the saliva. This study aims to identify salivary proteins that change in expression during orthodontic tooth movement. These differentially expressed proteins can potentially serve as protein biomarkers for the monitoring of orthodontic treatment and tooth movement. Whole saliva from three healthy female subjects were collected before force application using fixed appliance and at 14 days after 0.014′′ Niti wire was applied. Salivary proteins were resolved using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) over a pH range of 3–10, and the resulting proteome profiles were compared. Differentially expressed protein spots were then identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF tandem mass spectrometry. Nine proteins were found to be differentially expressed; however, only eight were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF. Four of these proteins—Protein S100-A9, immunoglobulin J chain, Ig alpha-1 chain C region, and CRISP-3—have known roles in inflammation and bone resorption.

Salivary protein biomarkers associated with orthodontic tooth movement: A systematic review

“…Only one study attempted to have an equal amount of males and females . Two studies chose to only include female subjects . Multiple time points were commonly used.…”

“…All studies collected unstimulated whole saliva, then immediately centrifuged and fast froze the samples at −70 to −80°C. It is interesting to note that one of the studies filtered and concentrated the sample . One study used protease inhibitors .…”

“…For instance, Zhang et al found that ApoE, upregulated in active orthodontic group, was linked to lower bone metabolism and increased adipogenesis. Ellias et al, with three female subjects, found changes in a salivary gland secreted protein, cysteine‐rich secretory protein 3 precursor (CRISP‐3), and several immunoglobulins and serum‐related proteins (Table ). This suggests the influence of salivary glands (CRISP‐3 is mainly secreted by salivary glands.)…”

Remote Ischemic Conditioning Alters Methylation and Expression of Cell Cycle Genes in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

“…CRISP-3 is a glycoprotein present in exocrine secretions, bone marrow, secretory granules of neutrophils, and in plasma bound to a1B-glycoprotein. 42,43 Although its complete function is unknown, it is thought to act in innate immune response and as a prostate cancer marker. 42,43 …”

Genetic influences on orthodontic tooth movement

“…Therefore, to fully understand the genetic influences on tooth movement associated with orthodontic forces, we need to understand the molecular mechanisms behind the process of bone remodeling (reviewed in Proff and Romer, 2009). For example, new data has emerged from using saliva (Ellias et al, 2012;Zhang et al, 2012a) and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) to detect biomarkers for tooth movement. The ECM is considered to be multi-component tissues that enable internal and external mechanical strains to effect changes in organ structure and function, through mechanotransduction (Krishnan and Davidovitch, 2009).…”