Proteomic Analysis of Whole Human Saliva Detects Enhanced Expression of Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist, Thioredoxin and Lipocalin-1 in Cigarette Smokers Compared to Non-Smokers

Abstract

A gel-based proteomics approach was used to screen for proteins of differential abundance between the saliva of smokers and those who had never smoked. Subjecting precipitated proteins from whole human saliva of healthy non-smokers to two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) generated typical profiles comprising more than 50 proteins. While 35 of the proteins were previously established by other researchers, an additional 22 proteins were detected in the 2-DE saliva protein profiles generated in the present study. When the 2-DE profiles were compared to those obtained from subjects considered to be heavy cigarette smokers, three saliva proteins, including interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, thioredoxin and lipocalin-1, showed significant enhanced expression. The distribution patterns of lipocalin-1 isoforms were also different between cigarette smokers and non-smokers. The three saliva proteins have good potential to be used as biomarkers for the adverse effects of smoking and the risk for inflammatory and chronic diseases that are associated with it.

Proteomic Analysis of Human Saliva From Lung Cancer Patients Using Two-Dimensional Difference Gel Electrophoresis and Mass Spectrometry

“…Our verified salivary biomarkers also have been reported to be related with smoking (5,6). References show that the three verified biomarkers also related with COPD in tissue (37), bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (46), and blood (16,47).…”

“…Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is another type of lung cancer, which represents about 15% of cases (3). Cigarette smoking causes lung cancer, which is by far the major risk factor (4,5,6). Lung cancer has a high mortality rate among malignancies, in part because symptoms are frequently absent until disease is already metastatic and is, therefore, incurable (7,8,9).…”

“…Different proteomic technologies have been engaged for this type of biomarker discovery. Quantitative proteomic technologies, like iTRAQ (22,23,24) and twodimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) (5,25) have been extensively used for proteome analysis in different types of lung cancer samples.…”

Proteomic characterization of the acid-insoluble fraction of whole saliva from preterm human newborns

“…In a previous paper four S100A9 protein species have been characterized in the acid-soluble fraction of preterm newborn saliva by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis: two protein species (long-type), acetylated at the N-terminus, differing for the presence of a phosphate group on Thr 112 , and two other protein species lacking the TCKM amino peptide (short-type), also acetylated at the N-terminus and differing for the presence of a phosphate group on Thr 108 [8]. In several 2-DE analyses of adult whole saliva, S100A9 has been identified in different spots, but up to now the correspondence among spots and PTMs has never been elucidated [15,17]. In the present study S100A9 has been identified (Table 2) in four spots (1A, 1B, 2 and 11) of 2-DE gel from the acid-insoluble fraction of preterm newborn ( Fig.…”

Human Saliva Acting as an Allergen

“…Positive skin prick tests were obtained from his saliva in this patient, but the saliva extract did not cause a reaction in normal, non-allergic subjects. There is also the question of whether the cigarette smoking might have enhanced the allergenic activity of the salivary proteins [10] and whether there was any periodontal disease in the partner which might have influenced histamine levels in the partner's saliva in combination with the cigarette smoking [11]. The inability to follow this case further is disappointing, but the case does raise some interesting future directions of study.…”