Proteomic characterization of Naja mandalayensis venom

Abstract

Background: Naja mandalayensis is a spitting cobra from Myanmar. To the best of our knowledge, no studies on this venom composition have been conducted so far. On the other hand, few envenomation descriptions state that it elicits mainly local inflammation in the victims' eyes, the preferred target of this spiting cobra. Symptoms would typically include burning and painful sensation, conjunctivitis, edema and temporary loss of vision. Methods: We have performed a liquid-chromatography (C18-RP-HPLC) mass spectrometry (ESI-IT-TOF/MS) based approach in order to biochemically characterize N. mandalayensis venom. Results: A wide variety of three-finger toxins (cardiotoxins) and metallopeptidases were detected. Less abundant, but still representative, were cysteine-rich secretory proteins, L-amino-acid oxidases, phospholipases A 2 , venom 5'-nucleotidase and a serine peptidase inhibitor. Other proteins were present, but were detected in a relatively small concentration. Conclusion:The present study set the basis for a better comprehension of the envenomation from a molecular perspective and, by increasing the interest and information available for this species, allows future venom comparisons among cobras and their diverse venom proteins.

Biochemical and biological characterization of the venoms of Naja kaouthia and Naja mandalayensis from Myanmar and neutralization effects of BPI cobra antivenom

“…Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are contributed to fibrinogenolytic activity in the venom of cobra ( Das et al, 2013 ). SVMPs, PLA 2 s and LAAOs have been associated to tissue inflammation and local necrosis of Elapidae snakes ( Neto et al, 2021 ).…”

“…Venom proteases are divided into two classes of enzyme; snake venom serine protease (SVSPs) and snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) ( Samel et al, 2002 ). The high proteolytic activity in N. mandalayensis venom might be due to its high abundant SVMPs ( Neto et al, 2021 ).…”

“…The severity and development of myotoxicity is caused by different groups of snake myotoxins such as small myotoxins, cardiotoxins and PLA 2 ( Charoenpitakchai et al, 2018 ). The more myotoxicity of N. mandalayensis venom might be due to its solely highly significant content of cardiotoxins compared to N. kaouthia venom ( Neto et al, 2021 ).…”

Proteome of monocled cobra (Naja kaouthia) venom and potent anti breast cancer peptide from trypsin hydrolyzate of the venom protein

“…SVMP is the most diverse group of enzymes containing components such as phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ), L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO), cysteine-rich venom protein (CRISP), 5-nucleotidase (5 N), and nerve growth factor (NGF). In addition, proteins such as phosphodiesterase and the related enzyme NADH were also identified ( Neto et al, 2021 ). O. hannah snake vemomic proteomics using ESI-LC-MS/MS resulted in 14 different protein types/families including three finger toxin (3FTxs), phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ), cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP), cobra venom factor, muscarinic toxin, L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO), hypothetical protein, low cysteine protein, phosphodiesterase, protease, Vespryn toxin, Kunitz, growth factor activator and others (coagulation factors, endonucleases, 5′-nucleotidase) ( Danpaiboon et al, 2014 ).…”

Compositional and toxicological investigation of pooled venom from farm-raised Naja atra

“…However, the current critical problem is that the knowledge of venom proteins in snakes from completely different regions is incomplete, and the clinical pathophysiology of patients envenomed by N. atra from completely different regions remain unknown. Proteomic approach has been used to characterize Naja venoms [ 17 ]. Therefore, it is necessary to study the venom proteome, toxicological activities and pathophysiology of N. atra from vital areas that include key habitats of this snake.…”