Proteomic identification of galectin-11 and 14 ligands fromHaemonchus contortus

Abstract

Haemonchus contortus is the most pathogenic nematode of small ruminants. Infection in sheep and goats results in anaemia that decreases animal productivity and can ultimately cause death. The involvement of ruminant-specific galectin-11 (LGALS-11) and galectin-14 (LGALS-14) has been postulated to play important roles in protective immune responses against parasitic infection; however, their ligands are unknown. In the current study, LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 ligands in H. contortus were identified from larval (L4) and adult parasitic stages extracts using immobilised LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 affinity column chromatography and mass spectrometry. Both LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 bound more putative protein targets in the adult stage of H. contortus (43 proteins) when compared to the larval stage (two proteins). Of the 43 proteins identified in the adult stage, 34 and 35 proteins were bound by LGALS-11 and LGALS-14, respectively, with 26 proteins binding to both galectins. Interestingly, hematophagous stage-specific sperm-coating protein and zinc metalloprotease (M13), which are known vaccine candidates, were identified as putative ligands of both LGALS-11 and LGALS-14. The identification of glycoproteins of H. contortus by LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 provide new insights into host-parasite interactions and the potential for developing new interventions.

Identification of somatic proteins in Haemonchus contortus infective larvae (L3) and adults

“…The immune response against GI parasites is considered the main factor associated with the resistance level of the sheep (Aguerre et al, 2018;Estrada-Reyes et al, 2019 ). This response is toward different parasite proteins, either secretory-excretory products or structural compounds (Gadahi et al, 2016;Sakthivel et al, 2018;Lu et al, 2020). The secretory-excretory products have been widely studied due to functions such as tissue penetration and their capability to degrade host proteins (Cox et al, 1990;Yatsuda et al, 2003;Wang et al, 2019a).…”

“…Moreover, some secretory-excretory products also establish the infection because they regulate the immune response of the host, facilitating the immune evasion of the parasite that induces chronicity related to a T cell-mediated hyporesponsiveness (Lu et al, 2020). Somatic proteins also play an important role in the immune response against GI nematodes due to which some of them have been evaluated as vaccine candidates (Sakthivel et al, 2018;Wang et al, 2019b). Thus, a study reported that proteins such as rHcp26/23 have a protective effect only with challenges against low and moderate parasite burden (García-Coiradas et al, 2010).…”

“…The macrophage migration inhibitory factor is a cytokine that regulates the inflammatory response (Lang et al, 2018). Similarly, galectin modulates host-pathogen interactions (Sakthivel et al, 2018). Its functions involve modulating the production of Th2 and Th9 cells, IL-4, IL-9, blood mononuclear cell proliferation, nitric oxide and cell migration in the host (Naqvi et al, 2020).…”

Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) Alters Galectin Gene Expression in Cows

“…In this study, we observed the expression of LGALS 11 in cow blood and neutrophils. The expression of LGALS -11 in neutrophils and blood is noteworthy as it has been postulated to play important roles in protective immune responses against parasitic infection in sheep (Sakthivel et al, 2018). Therefore, the possible biological role of LGALS -11in cow blood and neutrophils needs to be explored.…”

Potentials of Glycoprotein Fraction in Successful Diagnosis of Sheep Haemonchosis

“…While, Ashman et al (1995) purified 70-90 kDa larval surface glycoprotein of H. contortus by size exclusion chromatography. Moreover, the galectin 11 and 14 ligands were isolated from H. contortus by the galectin affinity column (Sakthive et al, 2018) Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences on 12% SDS-PAGE. The difference in molecular weight of glycoproteins bands may be due to the difference in origin of crude extract from which glycoproteins isolated, or antigen preparation, eluting buffers and type of column used in purification process.…”