“…Second, we believe that Marxist “Old Social Movement” theoretical frames (elaborated by Holst, 2002, 2018) help capture adult learning in social movements which occurs through the lived experience of repression by the state, and of the ideological hegemony and material practices of a deeply imbricated global corporate capitalism and ruling social classes (we take this to mean the “1%” or 5% of the mega rich and associated power structures). We understand the violence of state repression, and corporate and class hegemony to be real in both physical and symbolic terms, and to provoke conscientization, transformative learning, identity change, and activism for both individuals and the collective, as can the experience of patriarchy, racism, sexism, homophobia, dispossession of land, extreme economic inequality, and other oppressions (Etmanski, 2012; Hall, 2012; Hamilton, 2016; Hill, 2003; Lowan-Trudeau, 2017; Walter, 2007a, 2007b). In Freirian and feminist terms, we understand conscientization, transformative learning and educative-activism to happen across these various oppressions and associated social movements (Butterwick & Elfert, 2014; Clover, 2002; Irving, & English, 2011).…”