Protocatechuic acid induces antioxidant/detoxifying enzyme expression through JNK-mediated Nrf2 activation in murine macrophages

Role of sulfiredoxin as a regulator of peroxiredoxin function and regulation of its expression

“…These results suggested that JNK is the major MAPK that contributes to LPSinduced Srx expression in macrophages [42]. JNK is not only an upstream kinase of the AP-1 pathway but also phosphorylates and activates Nrf2 in macrophages [90,91].…”

Natural deep eutectic solvents as beneficial extractants for enhancement of plant extracts bioactivity

“…Such presumption is reasonable knowing that recent research indicated that some organic acids including malic acid, which are good candidates for formation of NADESs, have various pharmacological effects, including, anti-inflammatory response (Dharmappa et al, 2009), antiplatelet aggregation (Kim, Lim, & Noh, 2012), antioxidant (Varì et al, 2011), reducing cell apoptosis, protective effect on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and so on (Tang et al, 2013). Also, despite low cytotoxicity of tested NADESs, treatment with ChMa at the highest concentration (2000 mg/L) caused small growth inhibition (z20%) of both cell lines indicating that NADES itself could possess biological activity toward cancer cells (data not show).…”

Nuclear Factor–Erythroid-2–Related Factor 2 in Aging and Lung Fibrosis

“…15,75 Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinaseemediated phosphorylation of Nrf2 and its dissociation, nuclear translocation, and subsequent induction of antioxidants have been shown in human neuroblastoma cells. 76 In addition to the involvement of PKC and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in the activation of Nrf2, accumulating evidence suggests a role for mitogenactivated protein kinases 19,77,78 ; however, some reports suggest negative regulation of Nrf2 by these protein kinase pathways. 79 For example, extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 signaling cascades have been shown to increase the activation/stabilization of Nrf2, leading to induction of cytoprotective genes.…”

“…77 Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and Janus kinase has also been implicated in the activation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2. 19,78 In contrast, phosphorylation of tyrosine residues (Tyr-568) on Nrf2 by glycogen synthetase kinase 3b activated Fyn has been shown to promote nuclear export and degradation of Nrf2. 79 Acetylation and deacetylation of Nrf2 promote nuclearcytoplasmic shuttling and regulation of its transcriptional activity.…”