Protocol for Prevention and Control of COVID-19 (Edition 6)

Weekly, China CDC

doi:10.46234/ccdcw2020.082

Cited by 25 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…COVID-19 pneumonia is still in a pandemic state worldwide and is an urgent public health issue ( Mallah et al., 2021 ). Since the outbreak of COVID-19, China has issued a series of preventive and control measures, including two overarching strategies, containment and suppression ( Li et al., 2020 ; National Health Commission Of The People’s Republic Of, C., 2020 ). The core measures of containment are early finding infected people and actively treating in isolation, closely tracking and quarantining and reducing transmission, including staying at home, less aggregation and closing schools ( Chen et al., 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological Study on Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection of Hospitalized Children in a Single Center During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Cai

Shou²,

Ye³

2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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BackgroundSince the outbreak of COVID-19, a series of preventive and control measures in China have been used to effectively curb the spread of COVID-19. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) and Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP) in hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infection during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsMP IgM antibody and CP IgM antibody were detected in all hospitalized children due to acute respiratory tract infection in the Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University from January 2019 to December 2020. These data were compared between 2019 and 2020 based on age and month.ResultsThe overall detection rate of MP and CP in 2020 was significantly lower than that in 2019 (MP: 21.5% vs 32.9%, P<0.001; CP: 0.3% vs 0.9%, P<0.001). This study found a 4-fold reduction in the number of children positive for MP and a 7.5-fold reduction in the number of children positive for CP from 2019 to 2020. The positive cases were concentrated in children aged >1 year old. In 2019, the positive rate of MP was detected more commonly in children 3 years of age or older than in younger children. In 2020, the higher positive rate of MP reached a peak in the 3- to 6-year age group (35.3%). CP was detected predominantly in children aged 6 years older in 2019 and 2020, with positive rates of 4.8% and 2.6%, respectively. Meanwhile, the positive rates of MP in 2019 were detected more commonly in July, August and September, with 47.2%, 46.7% and 46.3%, respectively. Nevertheless, the positive rates of MP from February to December 2020 apparently decreased compared to those in 2019. The positive rates of CP were evenly distributed throughout the year, with 0.5%-1.6% in 2019 and 0.0%-2.1% in 2020.ConclusionsA series of preventive and control measures for SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic can not only contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2 but also sharply improve the infection of other atypical pathogens, including MP and CP.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological Study on Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection of Hospitalized Children in a Single Center During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Cai

Shou²,

Ye³

2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…In this situation, how China strikes a balance between controlling outbreaks and revitalizing the economy was critical to pulling the world out of the deep economic recession. Emphases of Chinese strategy in tackling reemergent local outbreak included a rapid response to local reemergent, reasonable test range covering asymptomatic infections, precise region management according to different transmission risk, and inspection of inbound persons and imported cargoes (13). At the present stage, the goal of Chinese strategy is to maintain the status of no or minimal transmission until a safe and effective vaccine is available for everyone (23).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary Assessment of Chinese Strategy in Controlling Reemergent Local Outbreak of COVID-19

Wang

Jin

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

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Reemergent local outbreaks of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have occurred in China, yet few Chinese response strategies and its evaluation have been reported. This study presents a preliminary assessment of Chinese strategy in controlling reemergent local outbreaks of COVID-19. Time course of accumulative and daily new cases and time-varying reproductive numbers (Rt) of outbreak areas were presented. The asymptomatic rate, days required to control the outbreaks, seeding time (ST), and doubling time (DT) of areas with over 96 reemergent cases were calculated. National and local year-on-year growth rates of gross domestic product (GDP) were presented. Accumulative numbers of 30, 8, 11, 430, 15, 139, 1,067, 382, 42, and 94 confirmed reemergent COVID-19 cases were diagnosed in Hulun Buir, Shanghai, Tianjin, Kashgar, Qingdao, Dalian, Urumchi, Beijing, Jilin, and Harbin, respectively. Among them, maximum rate of asymptomatic infections was 81.9%. Time required to control the local outbreaks in the areas given above varied from 29 to 51 days. After activation of outbreak responses, the late-stage DTs of Kashgar, Urumchi, Beijing, and Dalian were apparently lengthened compared to the early-stage DTs. Although the year-on-year GDP growth rate of Urumchi was slightly affected, the GDP growth rate of Dalian, Beijing, Jilin, and Harbin kept rising during the reemergence. Moreover, the year-on-year GDP growth rate of Mainland China turned positive regardless of the reemergent local outbreaks. In general, the Chinese strategy to maintain the status of no or minimal transmission was effective in balancing the control of COVID-19 reemergent local outbreak and the recovery of economy.

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“…Avoided cases of Covid-19 will lead to reductions in healthcare spending for the infections that did not occur. This cost of the avoided hospitalizations is included using the average cost per Covid-19 hospitalization [33] multiplied by the number of hospitalizations. There were also immediate cost savings associated with healthcare services that normally would have been delivered but were not due to Covid-19.…”

Section: Cost Of Covid-19 Policy Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of medical innovation on the cost-effectiveness of Covid 19-related policies in the United States using a SIR model

Atherly

Broek-Altenburg

2023

BMC Health Serv Res

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Background During 2020–21, the United States used a multifaceted approach to control SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) and reduce mortality and morbidity. This included non-medical interventions (NMIs), aggressive vaccine development and deployment, and research into more effective approaches to medically treat Covid-19. Each approach had both costs and benefits. The objective of this study was to calculate the Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) for three major Covid-19 policies: NMIs, vaccine development and deployment (Vaccines), and therapeutics and care improvements within the hospital setting (HTCI). Methods To simulate the number of QALYs lost per scenario, we developed a multi-risk Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model where infection and fatality rates vary between regions. We use a two equation SIR model. The first equation represents changes in the number of infections and is a function of the susceptible population, the infection rate and the recovery rate. The second equation shows the changes in the susceptible population as people recover. Key costs included loss of economic productivity, reduced future earnings due to educational closures, inpatient spending and the cost of vaccine development. Benefits included reductions in Covid-19 related deaths, which were offset in some models by additional cancer deaths due to care delays. Results The largest cost is the reduction in economic output associated with NMI ($1.7 trillion); the second most significant cost is the educational shutdowns, with estimated reduced lifetime earnings of $523B. The total estimated cost of vaccine development is $55B. HTCI had the lowest cost per QALY gained vs “do nothing” with a cost of $2,089 per QALY gained. Vaccines cost $34,777 per QALY gained in isolation, while NMIs alone were dominated by other options. HTCI alone dominated most alternatives, except the combination of HTCI and Vaccines ($58,528 per QALY gained) and HTCI, Vaccines and NMIs ($3.4 m per QALY gained). Conclusions HTCI was the most cost effective and was well justified under any standard cost effectiveness threshold. The cost per QALY gained for vaccine development, either alone or in concert with other approaches, is well within the standard for cost effectiveness. NMIs reduced deaths and saved QALYs, but the cost per QALY gained is well outside the usual accepted limits.

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Protocol for Prevention and Control of COVID-19 (Edition 6)

Cited by 25 publications

References 0 publications

Epidemiological Study on Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection of Hospitalized Children in a Single Center During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Epidemiological Study on Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection of Hospitalized Children in a Single Center During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Preliminary Assessment of Chinese Strategy in Controlling Reemergent Local Outbreak of COVID-19

The effect of medical innovation on the cost-effectiveness of Covid 19-related policies in the United States using a SIR model

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